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McKenzie Health Science 20 NAME:_________________ Lesson 8.2 Major Endocrine Organs Objectives: 1. Identify the organs and glands of the endocrine system. 2. Identify the six hormones of the anterior pituitary. 3. Describe the location and function of the thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal, and adrenal glands. Identify the hormones produced by each of these glands. 4. Explain the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas. 5. Identify the sex hormones produced by the gonads. Saskatchewan Outcome: “I can analyze the anatomy and physiology of a healthy human” Saskatchewan Indicators: “I can describe the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of the endocrine system” Before this lesson, try to answer the following questions: 1. Which hormone makes you sleepy at night? ANSWER:____________________________________________________________________ 2. Which biological processes are associated with the “adrenaline rush”? ANSWER:____________________________________________________________________ Key Terms: Adrenal cortex Anterior pituitary Parathyroid glands Posterior pituitary Thymus gland References: Notes & handouts Textbook Pages: 275 – 285 Study Guide Pages: 121 – 123 Adrenal glands Ovaries Pineal gland Scrotum Thyroid gland Adrenal medulla Pancreas Pituitary gland Testes Tropic hormones McKenzie Health Science 20 NAME:_________________ Major Endocrine Organs The Hypothalamus The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland function in conjunction with one another, thereby associating the body’s nerve tissue with hormones. The mechanism by which hormones are released from the posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary glands are quite different. McKenzie Health Science 20 NAME:_________________ The Pituitary Gland Secretions from the posterior pituitary gland. 1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): stimulates the kidneys to absorb more water 2. Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction during child birth and release of milk by mammary glands These hormones are PRODUCED in the hypothalamus, but released into the blood from the posterior pituitary. The hypothalamus contains special neurons called NEUROSECRETORY CELLS which produce the hormones. The hormones are carried down the axons of these special neurons to the posterior pituitary. The circulatory system carries the hormones to their specific TARGET ORGANS. Secretions from the anterior pituitary gland. 1. Prolactin (PRO) 2. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) 3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 5. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 6. Growth hormone (GH) The anterior pituitary gland releases six hormones which bring about many changes in the body. The hypothalamus detects the effect of one of the hormones from the anterior pituitary is required, it releases a hormone-like substance called a RELEASING FACTOR (hypophysiotrophic hormones in the diagram). These releasing factors travel through the very short blood vessels (a portal system) that connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. The effect of this is to cause the release of the required hormone McKenzie Health Science 20 NAME:_________________ The Thyroid The thyroid is released at the base of the neck. It produces two important hormones responsible for regulating metabolism, and growth and differentiation of cells. 1. Thyroxine: when released, increases metabolism and promotes growth and differentiation of cells. It stimulates increased utilization of glucose by the cells, and stimulates the production of more enzymes to increase metabolic reactions. 2. Triiodothyronine: appears to have a similar function to thyroxine 3. Calcitonin: maintains calcium balance along with parathyroid hormone (PTH). Calcitonin is released when calcium levels rise. Calcitonin caused calcium in the blood to be deposited and absorbed into the bone. As a result, calcium levels in the blood decreases. McKenzie Health Science 20 NAME:_________________ Adrenal Glands Sudden simultaneous release of noradrenalin from all the sympathetic neurons (as in times of fright) has a critical effect. It causes the release of the hormone adrenalin (epinephrine) from the interior of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys. The noradrenalin and the adrenalin initiate and sustain what is known as the ‘Fight or Flight” response. They prepare the body to respond to danger in the following ways: 1. Increase the heart rate so that more blood is supplied to the body more quickly. 2. Widen air passageways so that more air can be exchanged with each breath. 3. Sudden contraction of some muscles to tense the body up for action. Included in this is the contraction of the diaphragm. A scared person will gasp, inhaling suddenly. 4. Contraction of the iris of the eye thus widening the pupil to maximize visual alertness. 5. Alter blood flow patterns. Contraction of the sphincter muscles in arterioles reduce blood flow to surface tissues and the digestive system and allow increased blood flow to the musculo-skeletal system. The adrenal gland produces three important types of hormones: 1. Glucocorticoids 2. Mineralocorticoids 3. Sex hormones (small amount) McKenzie Health Science 20 NAME:_________________ Glucocorticoids: associated with blood glucose levels Cortisol: increases the amount of amino acids in the blood to help the blood recover from stress. The amino acids in the blood are converted into glucose by the liver and thereby increases the level of blood sugar. Minerolorticoids: associated with mineral (salt) levels in the blood Aldosterone: secretions of aldosterone increase sodium retention and water reabsorption by the kidney, thereby maintaining body fluid levels. McKenzie Health Science 20 NAME:_________________ Pancreas The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produce and secreted two hormones responsible for regulating blood sugar levels Insulin and Glucagon Insulin: Stimulates the liver to take up more glucose and convert and store it as glycogen, thereby DECREASING blood sugar levels Glucagon: Stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen and release it as glucose, thereby INCREASING blood sugar levels. Diabetes: a disease where the individual cannot produce enough insulin, or insulin at all. Currently, there’s been development in islet transplants to replace the degenerated or malfunctioning cells. McKenzie Health Science 20 NAME:_________________ Others Parathyroid Glands produce Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): PTH along with Calcitonin (Thyroid) maintain calcium homeostasis. PTH is released when low calcium levels are detected in the blood. PTH increases calcium levels in three ways: 1. Stimulating breakdown of bone tissues, moving calcium from bone t blood 2. Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines (req. vitamin D) 3. Stimulating kidney reabsorption of calcium from urine and excreting phosphorus Thymus Gland produces Thymosin, a hormone essential for development of white blood cells, which play an important role in the body’s immune response. Pineal Gland produces Melatonin, the hormone responsible for making us sleepy. Melatonin levels are highest at night. Gonads are sex glands. In men the gonads are Testes, and in women, the gonads are ovaries. The gonads release sex hormones which will be looked at more closely in the reproductive system unit. Sex hormones are responsible for the development of the reproductive system, production of sex cells (sperm & eggs), and secondary sex characteristics. In women, sex hormones are also responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle. Complete the Lesson 1. LAB: #9 & 10, p. 285 2. Study Guide: p. 121, 123 Additional work (homework) 1. Read p. 275 – 285 in your textbook 2. Complete the “Check Your Understanding” Questions, p. 279, 283 3. Correct your “Before this lesson” answers