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ASTRONOMY - study of all physical objects in space History of Space – 10 min. What a Wonderful World I. History Timeline 50s – Russian Sputnik – 1st satellite in space__ TIMELINE ___________________________________ 50s ’61 Alan Shepherd – 1st American in space TIMELINE ___________________________________ 50s ’61 ’62 John Glennorbits earth TIMELINE ___________________________________ 50s ’61 ’62 ’68 around moon Timeline ___________________________________ 50s ’61 ’62 ’68 ’69 Neal Armstrong 1st to walk on moon Armstrong, Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin ___________________________________ 50s ’61 ’62 ’68 ’69 80s space shuttle 1st reusable spacecraft TIMELINE __________________________________ 50s ’61 ’62 ’68 ’69 80s 1990s – Hubble space telescope II. Universe A. Distance measured 1. light year – distance light travels through space in one yr. 2. Astronomical Unit (A.U.) – distance between earth & sun (93 million miles) B. Galaxy – large group of stars that travel together 1. star – giant ball of hot glowing gases - Constellation – sections w/patterns 2. Milky Way – spiral shape III. Our Solar System – sun + 8 planets A. Planetary Motion 1. revolution – planets orbit around sun; causes 1 year 2. rotation – spins on axis; causes day/night B. Sun – closest star 1. core made of H atoms fuse to formHe atoms - (nuclear fusion) 2. Gravity – keeps planets in orbit 3. Sunspots – dark areas on surface (cooler gases) The Sun – 2:45 C. Planets – My very educated mother just served us nachos 1. Inner Planets – small & dense; rocky a. Mercury – no atmosphere; ½ HOT & ½ FREEZING; No life b. Venus – CO2 atm. (+H2SO4) – traps heat; hottest planet; rotates opposite earth c. Earth – 1.) H2O (life); N2 & O2 atmos.; 2.) 1 moon (Luna) – natural satellite: object that orbits a planet 3.) Tilted at 23.5 degree angle in relation to the sun – gives us our SEASONS 4. North Pole always pointed toward Polaris – North Star – d. Mars – “Red Planet” – red soil; mainly CO2 (cold); 2 tiny moons Inner Planets Asteroid Belt – separates inner & outer Planets; most asteroids found here 2. Outer Planets – gas giants (rings); no known solid surfaces a. Jupiter – largest; 62 moons; thin set of rings; “Great Red Spot” – hurricane-like storm b. Saturn – 2nd largest; ice & dust; 61 moons (Titan – 2nd largest moon); known for large rings C. Uranus – axis runs sideways; 27 moons d. Neptune – “The Blue World”; crosses Pluto’s path to switch positions; winds up to 700 mph; 13 moons (Pluto – dwarf planet) Outer Planets D. Moons 1. all (exc. Mercury/Venus) have moon (s) 2. reflect light 3. Phases – different appearance a. New Moon – no sunlight facing earth; moon between sun & earth; - after: amt. of light gets larger (waxes) b. 1st Quarter – sunlight on the right ½ c. Full Moon – see whole moon; - after: amt. of light gets smaller (wanes) d. 3rd Quarter – sunlight on left side 4. Takes 27 1/3 days Phases of the Moon – 2:38 5. Eclipse – shadow of one body falls on another a. lunar eclipse – earth comes between the sun & moon; shadow of earth covers moon; turns red (bloody MES) Lunar Eclipse - :30 b. Solar Eclipse – moon comes between earth & sun; shadow of moon covers earth; can blind you; (EMS) Solar Eclipse – 1:13 6. Tides – rise & fall of Earth’s water; gravity causes it a. high tide – moon’s gravity pulls water toward point on Earth’s surface closest to moon b. spring tide – 2x/mo. (new & full moon) – earth, moon, & sun line up: very high & very low tide c. neap tide – 2x/mo. (1st & 3rd quarter) – 3 form 90o angle; tides w/least difference E. Other small bodies 1. Asteroids – small rocky objects that orbit sun; in Asteroid Belt (between Mars & Jupiter) 2. Comets – ball of ice & dust – orbits sun; 10 miles across & tail 100 million miles (as tail passes near sun, it melts & evaporates forming glowing tail) Haley’s Comet 3. Meteoroid – piece of rock or dust in space from asteroids or comets a. meteor – “Shooting Star” meteoroid enter atmosphere – burn streak of light Shooting Star b. meteorite – doesn’t burn completely & falls to ground c. meteor shower – when Earth passes through dusty debris left behind the orbit of a comet Meteors, Meteoroids, Meteorites