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Topics Covered on the Unit 7 Test Vocabulary Nucleic acids Nucleotide Polymer Replication DNA helicase DNA polymerase Semiconservative Complementary base pairing Base-pairing rules Transcription Transcribe mRNA Codon tRNA Anticodon RNA polymerase Translation Universal genetic code Amino acid Peptide bond Polypeptide chain Protein Ribosomes rRNA Chromosome Base sequence Mutation Mutagen Chromosomal mutations (insertion/deletion/inversion/duplication) Gene mutations (frameshift/ point – missense/nonsense/silent) Cloning Genetic engineering Genetic resistance Gene therapy Biotechnology Gene splicing Genetically-engineered organisms Central dogma Be able to: 1. Given a template strand of DNA be able to replicate it using the base-pairing rules 2. Know where DNA replication occurs 3. Know what the roles DNA helicase and DNA polymerase enzymes are in replication. 4. Know why transcription must occur and where it occurs 5. Know how RNA is made through transcription from DNA 6. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in terms of size, bases, # of strands 7. Explain why a cell only transcribes small sections or genes of DNA 8. Compare and contrast Transcription and Replication in terms of what the final product is, If the entire molecule is copied or just specific genes, what enzymes are involved, where in cell it occurs 9. Translate the codon on an mRNA molecule to determine the amino acid called for 10. Determine the anticodon on the tRNA molecule that is complementary to mRNA 11. Explain the role of the ribosome in translation 12. Know that mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation in organisms 13. Know that mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication and meiosis and can also be caused by environmental factors called mutagens (know the examples in your notes) 14. Identify a mutation as being a chromosomal mutation or a single gene mutation 15. Distinguish between insertion, deletion, translocation, duplication chromosome mutations 16. Distinguish between nonsense, silent, and missense mutations and their outcomes on gene expression 17. Compare and contrast the benefits and costs of genetic engineering used in agriculture and medicine 18. Know the purpose of the Human Genome Project 19. Know how restriction enzymes are used in gene splicing for the purpose of genetic engineering 20. Know the purposes for using genetic screening 21. Know who “Dolly” is and what biotechnological process she was famously produced by