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Standard 4.1 DNA and RNA 10.1 DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Experiments – Griffith – • MICE!! • pneumonia • Determined that some how the harmful strain infected the harmless • Discovered Transformation Oswald Avery • What caused transformation? • Different enzymes to try and stop transformation. – RNA, Proteins, and DNA • Look at names of the enzymes!! Pg 194 • Deoxyribonuclease , no transformation. • Taking place in the DNA!!! Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase • Studied viruses or bacteriophages. (made of DNA or RNA and a protein shell) • Used radioactive markers on the protein shell and the DNA to see what is passed…found that genetic material was in the DNA. DNA STRUCTURE James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin • Discovered the double helix structure. Structure of DNA • 3 Main parts of the nucleotide – Deoxyribose – 5 carbon sugar – Phosphate – Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) • Double Helix • Chargaff’s rule (base pairing) – Guanine – cytosine – Adenine - thymine • Held together by hydrogen bonds • Pyrimidine • Purines – Double ringed – Single ringed Cytosine Adenine Guanine Thymine • Chromosome vs. gene vs. DNA Chromosomes and DNA replication • Prokaryotes – DNA in cytoplasm • Eukaryotes – DNA in nucleus DNA Replication • Use rules of base pairing – Original = GTTACCATG creates new strand CAATGGTAC. • At any point DNA can begin replication (replication fork) • Helicases separate the DNA strands. • Enzyme called DNA polymerase start the replication • Semi-conservative – not all of it is new. • Replicates in both directions until done, read in only one direction. Errors in Replication • Mutation • Proofreading and repair can prevent this. DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins. • Our cells make copies (RNA) of a specific section of DNA to make specific proteins we need to live. • Each type of cell has a different purpose and plan for protein making. – Skin makes pigment, oils, and collegen – Liver cells make catalyse RNA and Protein Synthesis • Flow of genetic info • DNA RNA Protein • Transcription translation protein synthesis • Differences between DNA and RNA DNA RNA Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Shape Double stranded Single Strand Nitrogenous Bases Cytosine – Guanine Cytosine-Guanine Adenine - Thymine Uracil - Adenine Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carry copies of instruction from DNA • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – part of ribosome’s where proteins are assembled. • Transfer RNA (tRNA) – Transfers each amino acid to ribosome from codes. • Transcription – Starts with RNA polymerase that finds a promoter on the DNA. – Separates strand of DNA, makes a copy (mRNA), then DNA returns to normal – RNA Editing (pre-mRNA) • Not all RNA strands are perfect, some have introns and exons. • Introns are useless parts, exons are good parts, introns are removed and exons are pushed together to form one whole sequence, then capped. – mRNA is formed until reaches a terminal signal • Genetic code – Codon - Sets of 3 – UCGCACGGU = UCG CAC GGU = serine – histidine – glycine Pg 207 One represents start (methionine , AUG, 3 represents stop) Translation • Decoding of mRNA • Pg 208 (know process, find tRNA, mRNA, ribosome, nucleus, polypeptide chain, codon, anticodon. In your Notes • Write TACAATGCTCAAACT • 1. mRNA Strand to match • And Decode Gene Linkage Gene Map Crossing Over Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles Polygeneic Traits Sex-Linked Traits Pedigree In your Notes • Write TACAATGCTCAAACT • 1. mRNA Strand to match • And Decode • • • • Replace 3rd A with a C Now Transcribe and translate again. What happened? What type of mutation? Write same DNA sequence again • Now insert a T after the 2nd T in the DNA strand • What does that do to the amino acids produced? • What type of mutation is this? Mutations • Check out some mutagens....and what they do! Mutagens Somatic cells • Cancer cells Mutations • Gene mutations – single gene – Point mutation is a mistake on just one nucleotide – Nucleotides can be deleted or inserted (pg 307) • Frameshift mutation This is an example of sickle cell: Substitution • Lets look at Genetic Disorders Chromosomal Mutations • Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. (locations of genes, number of copies of genes) – Deletion – Duplication – Inversion – Translocation – Nondisjunction (too few or too many chromosomes – Not all are bad Delta 32!! Non -disjunction Genetic Engineering • Human • Genome • Project Cloning Gene therapy Selective Breeding Hybrids