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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ATLAS OF WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 3: “ISOLATED REALMS – 500 TO 1400 A.D.” 1. Europe is often described as descending into this in the fifth century A.D. with the final collapse of Rome. [96]___________ 2. What new system of using letters to represent unknown numbers was developed by Arab mathematicians of the Middle Ages – they called the system al-jabr. [97]________________________ 3—6. This empire, Greek speaking and based in Constantinople, became for a time the center for Christianity in Europe. [100]___________________ Literally “Church of the Holy Wisdom,” this was the most important building of the empire. [100] ______________________ The branch of Christianity represented by the empire, it placed a much greater emphasis upon the soul than upon the body. [100] _________________________ What was the main church at Constantinople transformed into after the city fell to the Turks in 1453? [100] _________________ 7. The Italian monastery founded by St. Benedict of Nursia in 529 A.D. [100] ________________________ 8. What board game was introduced into Persia from India about 530 A.D. [102] _________________ 9. The Normans built this fortress in 1067 to impress the defeated English. [105] ____________________________ 10—11. Born on the Arabian Peninsula in the late sixth century, he would become the prophet of Islam. [106] ____________________ The messages he received would be transcribed into this, the holy book of Islam. [106-07] _______________ 12. What is the literal translation of “Islam?” [107] ____________________________ 13—15. The Muslim calendar dates from what year of our calendar? [107] ________ What was the Hegira, the event that marks the beginning of Islam and its calendar? [107] ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ What is the city of Yathrib known as today? [109] ___________________ 16—19. What earlier four messengers of Allah do Muslims recognize? [109] _______________; _________________; _______________; ______________ 20. Often misinterpreted by those in the West, this term refers to the sacred duty to expand Islam, using force of arms when necessary. [109] _______________ 21. How many times a day are Muslims called to prayer? [109] ____________ 22—23. This Jerusalem mosque was completed in 691 A.D. and is revered as the spot from which Muhammad ascended on his night journey into heaven. _____________________________ [109] Muslims, Jews, and Christians alike also identify it as the site where which patriarch nearly sacrificed his own son as an act of faith in God? [109] ___________________ 24. This magnificent building in Agra, India was built as a memorial and tomb by a Muslim emperor for his wife. [111] ___________________ 25. A formal inventory and record of Jewish law, it was finalized circa 650 A.D. [110] _______________________ 26. This Chinese philosophy, with its emphasis upon mysticism and nature, served as both a complement to and a rival of the ordered conservatism of Confucianism. [112] _____________________ 27. It was under the second Sui emperor, Yang Di, in the early seventh century, that this waterway was completed – it connected the Yangtze Valley of the south with the capitals of Changan and Luoyang in the north. _________________________ [113] 28—29. Originally invented accidentally by a Chinese scientist who was trying to discover a formula to ensure everlasting life, it would transform the history of warfare. [114] ___________________ Name one other invention of the Chinese during the Tang era, often referred to as China’s golden age. [114] ______________ 30. The era of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) was marked by maritime prosperity and by a recentering of China southwards; its end came when this group invaded in 1279. [116] ___________________ 31—32. Jayavarman II helped to consolidate this empire around 800 A.D. in today’s Cambodia – it would dominate southeast Asia between the seventh and thirteenth centuries. [118] _________________ What was the most impressive architectural legacy of that empire? [118-19] _____________________ 33. What African kingdom flourished from the eighth to the eleventh centuries in western Africa north of the Niger and Senegal rivers? [120] ______________ 34—36. Extending at its apogee from the Atlantic to the far-north bend of the Niger River, it covered most of present-day Gambia, Senegal, Guinea, and Mali, and was the most impressive of the sub-Saharan Muslim kingdoms. _________ spread [120] Responsible for bringing Islam to the empire, this ruler’s fame throughout Islam and Christendom alike. [120] ______________________ What was the capital of the empire? [120] ___________________ 37—38. Between the thirteen and the fifteenth centuries, these nomadic warriors carved out an empire larger than any that had preceded it in world history. [122] _________________ Who was the first of the great leaders of that empire (he was born Temujin but renamed this, literally “universal ruler,” in 1206, after consolidating the nomadic tribes of the central Asian steppes)? [122-23] ____________________ 39—43. What Mongol ruler completed the conquest of China in the late thirteenth century? [126] ____________________ What was the city to which he moved his capital? [126] _______________ What Venetian traveler spent 17 years at the Mongol court, beginning in 1271? [126] ___________________ Two seaborne invasions of this nation in 1274 and 1281 failed. _______________ [127] Literally “divine wind,” it is the name that was given to the storm that destroyed much of the second Mongol invasion force. [126] ___________________ 44—45. What late fourteenth—early—fifteenth century Mongol ruler claimed to descend from Genghis Khan and conquered Persia, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, and parts of India and China? [127] ______________________ Where was the base for his empire? [127] ____________________ 46. What famed Arab scholar traveled all around Africa in 1352-53 and wrote an account of his experiences? [126] ___________________ 47—49. What two Germanic tribes pushed into Britain in the fourth and fifth centuries? [128] _____________; _______________ According to legend, what native British king fought against these invaders? [128] ______________ 50—51. What two rivals to the British throne clashed in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings? [129] ___________________; ____________________________ 52. What tribe had become dominant in what is today southwestern Germany and France by 500 A.D.? [130] ______________ 53. The victory of Charles Martel in 732 A.D. at the Battle of Tours prevented this invading force from pushing northward from Spain into France. [116] _________________ 54—55. Sometimes called the “Father of Europe,” this Frankish ruler expanded his kingdom’s borders to include all of today’s Germany, France, northern Spain, and most of Italy. [131] ______________________ The position to which he was crowned by the Pope in 800 A.D. [131] ________________________ 56. This system of numerals was not, in fact, invented by the Arabs but rather introduced into the Arab world from India in the eighth century A.D. [131] __________ 57. This economic system, in which land was divided out in return for services and payment of rent, began to appear in Europe in the eighth century – it would come to define the social relations of the Middle Ages. [132] ___________ 58. What were lesser lords expected to serve as in times of war? [132] ___________ 59. The invention of a collar for these animals allowed them to replace oxen in the fields. [133] _______________ 60. What was another common name for the peasants of Medieval Europe? [133] _______________ 61—62. The Christian prayer “From the fury of the Northmen deliver us, O Lord!” referred to what invaders? [136] _________________ The heaven of the invaders, it was reserved for warriors who had died in battle. [136] ___________________ 63. What is the collective name given to the series of military expeditions that were initiated in 1095 AD and had as their object the recapturing of Palestine from Muslim control? [138] ___________________ 64. This invention gave knights the ability to stay on his horse when his long lance made contact and thus helped to transform the cavalry into an effective fighting force in the Middle Ages. [138] ______________ 65. What was the name given by the Muslims to all Christian crusaders? [141] ________________ 66. In the Fourth Crusade, the crusaders turned against the eastern Christians of what city rather than against the Muslims who controlled Jerusalem? [141] _______________________ 67. The Children’s Crusade of 1212, in which thousands of young people were led towards disaster in an ill-fated attempt to recapture the Holy Land, may have given rise to what legend? [140] ___________________________ 68—71. This on-going series of battles between England and France actually lasted for more than a century, from 1337 until 1453, though the fighting was at times sporadic. [142]________________________ During the course of the war, weaponry advanced from the French crossbow, to the English [142] ______________, which helped enable the English victory at Crecy in 1346, to the use of [142] __________________ by war'’ end, which rendered both knightly armor and town fortifications ineffective against assault. The French heroine of the war, she led her forces to victory at Orleans before being burned at the stake. [143] ______________________ 72—76. What Mesoamerican people migrated from northern Mexico southward to Lake Texcoco in the early fourteenth century? [144] ______________ What became the capital of the new kingdom? [145] ____________________ These were offered to the Aztec sun god as sacrifice in an effort to ensure renewal in the natural world. [146] _________________ This Spaniard conquered the empire in 1521. [147] _____________________ Who was the ruler of the empire at the time? [147] _______________________