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The Crusades
14.1
Main Idea
 The Crusades, a series of
attempts to gain Christian
control of the Holy Land,
had a profound economic,
political, and social impact
on the societies involved.
Muslim control of the Holy Land
 By year 1,000 during the
Middle Ages Muslims had
gained control of the
Christian holy land and the
holy city of Jerusalem and
stories of Christian
Persecution spread through
Europe.
1071
 1071 The Turks attacked
the Byzantine Empire at
the battle of Manzikert and
in fear of the fall of
Constantinople the
emperor called for help
from Western Europe and
the pope Urban II.
Council of Clermont
 Pope Urban II called The
Council of Clermont to
order (made up of church
leaders) in Clermont
France. Here he called for
“Christian Warriors” to
help defend the Christian
city of Constantinople with
the battle cry of “GOD
WILLS IT”
1096 The first of Nine Crusades will leave
France to conquer the Muslims and push then
out of Christian holy Lands ending in 1291.
First Crusade
 First Crusade 1096 made up
of two groups:
 Mostly made up of
unskilled peasants left
France and travelled through
Germany. Anxious to defeat
non-Christians they began to
slaughter communities of
non-Christians within Europe
including Jews among
protests of the clergy.
 Made up of skilled knights
took three years to reach
Jerusalem to successfully take
back the city among heavy
losses.
Outcome
 The Christians created four
states as a stronghold to
prevent future conquests of
the region.
 Jerusalem
 Edessa
 Antioch
 Tripoli
Second Crusade
 1144 the Muslims took
back Edessa and the
Christians attacked only to
return to Europe
unsuccessful in 1147.
Third Crusade
 30 years later Saladin was
Sultan of the Muslim world
and drove all Christians out
of Jerusalem.
 Led by three men
 King Richard the Lion
Hearted – England
 King Philip Augustus –
France—argued with Richard
and left with his army.
 Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa – Germany--drowned before reaching the
holy land
Fourth Crusade
 1201 Europeans attacked the
port city of Zara (a Christian
city) and were
excommunicated from the
church by the pope. The
crusaders then pressed on the
Constantinople and attacked
this city and appointed a new
emperor but never regain
control of the holy land and
by 1291 the Muslims
completely drove out the
Christians from the holy land.
Effects of the Crusades
 Economic:
 Trading of spices & Textiles
increased between the
Muslims, Byzantines, and
Western Europeans
Political:
 Kings took control of lands
that were left vacant after
battles
Social Changes:
 Muslim knowledge was
brought into Europe.
 Some had respect of others
 Many Europeans viewed all
non-Christians as enemies