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Heart and Blood Vessels Open and closed blood systems Open Circulatory System: Blood flows into open ended vessels Blood leaves these vessels and around the cells Not very efficient at getting blood quickly to parts of body it’s needed Examples of organisms that have an open system = insects, spiders, snails Closed Circulatory System:Blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels Much more efficient than open system Allows for a much faster metabolism Allows for blood flow to be increased to certain organs Example = Human Blood Vessels Arteries + Veins + Capillaries Artery Carries blood to heart Usually carries blood rich in oxygen (Excretion = Pulmonary artery) Outer layer = Collagen. An inelastic Protein that prevents walls from over expanding Middle layer = Thick layer of Muscle and Elastic fibres. Has ability to expand and relax Inner layer = Endothelium. Lining of Artery Vein Carries blood to the heart Usually carries blood low in oxygen (Exception = Pulmonary Vein) Outer layer = Collagen. An inelastic Protein that prevents walls from over expanding Middle layer = Thin layer of Muscle and Elastic fibres. Has ability to expand and relax Inner layer = Endothelium. Lining of Vein Veins have valves = to prevent backflow of blood Capillary One Cell thick = Endothelium Allows for materials to easily pass in and out of capillary Venule and Arteriole Venule = smaller branched veins Arteriole = smaller branched arteries The Heart. Structure…. 4 Chambers Right atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Septum Dividing Wall = Major Vessels = Vena Cava – Carries blood lacking in oxygen into the heart Pulmonary Artery – Carries blood to the lungs Pulmonary Vein – Carries blood back from lungs to heart Aorta – Carries blood rich in oxygen out of heart Valves = Tricuspid Valve = Between RA and RV Bicuspid Valve = Between LA and LV Semilunar Valves = prevents backflow of blood into the RV and LV Pacemaker = Controls heartbeat LHS of heart thicker than RHS. This is because the LHS of heart has to pump blood strong enough to travel all round the body How blood flows around the heart…. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Blood lacking in oxygen enters the heart via the vena cava. It flows into the right atrium Walls of the right atrium contract and blood is forced through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle Walls of the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valves shut and blood if forced up through the semilunar valves through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. At the lungs it picks up oxygen It returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein and fills into the left atrium. Walls of the left atrium contract and blood is forced through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. Walls of the left ventricle contracts, the bicuspid valves shut and blood if forced up through the semilunar valves through the Aorta and all around the body. Control of heartbeat Pacemaker (SA Node) in the wall of the top of the right atrium. Pacemaker sends out regular electrical impulses which cause the atria to contract The impulse from the Pacemaker stimulates the AV node further down in the right atrium (septum) to send an impulse via special fibres This impulse causes the ventricles to contract Blood supply to heart…. Just like every other muscle in the body the heart muscle needs a supply of blood (with its food and oxygen and to remove waste) This blood if supplied to heart via the Coronary Artery Blockage of Coronary Artery = cause of heart attack Stages of a Heartbeat Key words Systole = contracting Diastole = relaxing 1. Blood enters the heart All valves closed All chambers in diastole Blood enters the atria 2. Blood goes from Atria to Ventricles Pacemaker sends impulse to atria Atria contract – Systole Tri and bicuspid valves open Blood pumps into ventricles Pulmonary vein & vena cava close 3. Blood leaves the heart Impulse from AV node causes Ventricles to contract – systole Blood is forced out of the heart & to pulmonary artery and aorta Semi lunar valves open and bi and tricuspid valves close Ventricles then relax again. Cycle begins again Dietary factors 1. Saturated Fats – block arteries 2. Salt – raised blood pressure 3. Overweight – raises blood pressure, causes heart attack