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Chapter 1
Human Body
Orientation
Anatomy
• Study of structure
– Types
• Gross Anatomy: the study of large body
structures visible to the naked eye such as the
heart or lungs
• Microscopic Anatomy: the study of structures too
small to be seen without a microscope such as
tissues and cells
• Developmental Anatomy: the study of structural
changes that occur in the body throughout the
lifespan
Physiology
• The study of the function of the body
– Types
• Renal Physiology: kidney function and urine
production
• Neurophysiology: nervous system
• Cardiovascular Physiology: heart and blood
vessels
Structure determines Function
• How a cell looks
determines what the
cell does. (ex. Long
dendrites on a nerve
cell allows it to send
signals quickly)
• How an organ looks
determines how well it
functions.
Levels of Structural Organization
• 1. chemical level (atoms & molecules)
• 2. cellular level (cells & organelles)
• 3. tissue level (groups of similar cells that have
a common function)
• 4. organ level (discrete structures composed of
at least two tissue types)
• 5. organ system (organs work together to
accomplish a common purpose)
• 6. organismal level (the sum total of all
structural levels)
Necessary Life Functions
• 1. maintaining boundaries: internal boundaries remain
distinct from external environment
• 2. movement: activities of the muscular system, etc.
• 3. responsiveness: the ability to sense changes
(stimuli) and respond to them
• 4. digestion: breaking down food to simple molecules
• 5. metabolism: chemical reactions in the body
• 6. excretion: removing wastes
• 7. reproduction: cellular or organismal
• 8. growth: increase in the size of cells, body parts, or
the organism itself
Survival Needs
• 1. nutrients: contain the chemical substances
used for energy and cell building
• 2. oxygen: allows cellular respiration to occur
• 3. water: accounts for 60-80% of body weight,
needed for chemical reactions
• 4. normal body temperature: maintains
metabolic reactions
• 5. atmospheric pressure: needed for proper
breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Homeostasis
• The ability to maintain
a stable internal
environment
• Every organ system
plays a role in
maintaining the
constancy of the
internal environment
Negative Feedback
• The output shuts off the original stimulus
or reduces its intensity (prevents sudden
severe changes in the body)
• These mechanisms cause the variable to
change in a direction opposite to that of
the initial change
• Ex. Body temperature and blood volume
Positive Feedback
• The response enhances
the original stimulus so
that the activity is
accelerated
• The change that occurs is
in the same direction as
the initial disturbance
• Ex. Oxytocin: intensifies
labor contractions
Response to Environment
• Nervous system – electrochemical
– Afferent pathway – (arriving) receptor stimuli
to control center
– Efferent pathway – (exiting) control center
• Ex. hot stove and hand
• Endocrine system – hormones
• Ex. insulin and glucose
Orientation and Direction
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Cranial
Caudal
Ventral
Dorsal
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Body Planes and Sections
• Sagittal: divides body
into right and left
• Median: sagittal along
the midline
• Frontal (coronal):
divides body into anterior
and posterior
• Transverse: horizontal;
divides body into superior
and inferior parts
• Dorsal
Body Cavities
– Cranial & vertebral
• Ventral
– Thoracic
• Pleural cavities – houses
lungs
• Mediastinum – houses
heart, trachea, esophagus
– Abdominal
-- Pelvic
Membranes of Body Cavities
• Serous membranes
– Covering on organs
• Parietal serosa: lines
the cavity walls
• Visceral serosa: covers
the organs
• Serous fluid: lubricating
fluid
• Peritonitis- inflammation
of the membrane lining
of the abdominal cavity
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Other Body Cavities
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1. oral and digestive
2. nasal
3. orbital
4. middle ear
5. synovial
11 Systems
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Cardiovascular
Skeletal
Integumentary
Lymphatic
Urinary
Muscular
Digestive
Respiratory
Reproductive
Nervous
Endocrine