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Disease Fact Sheets Submitted by Callie Parr and used in cooperation with the University of Illinois at Urbana-‐Champaign. The materials that appear in this document may be freely reproduced for educational/training activities. There is no requirement to obtain special permission for such uses. We do, however, ask that the following statement appear on all reproductions: DISEASE FACT SHEETS, by MULTIPLE AUTHORS Materials produced for classroom use in conjunction with permission from the University of Illinois Agricultural Education Program. This permission statement is limited to the reproduction of material for educational/training events. Systematic or large-‐scale reproduction or distribution (more than one hundred copies per year)—or inclusion of items in publications for sale—may be done only with prior written permission. Also, reproduction on computer disk or by any other electronic means requires prior written permission. Contact the University of Illinois Agricultural Education Program to obtain special permission. The University of Illinois and its affiliated entities, in addition to the individual submitting the materials, assumes no liability to original work or activities therein. 1. Agricultural Education Program College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences © 2012 University of Illinois Board of Trustees Anthrax What is anthrax and what causes it? ing. There may be bleeding from the mouth, nose, and anus after death. Anthrax is a bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis (ba-SILus an-THRAY-sis). This bacteria releases highly resistant spores, which contaminate the environment and helps the disease spread. Anthrax causes sudden death in cattle, sheep, and goats and can severely affect humans. Outbreaks of anthrax occur occasionally in certain areas of the United States. Can I get anthrax? Anthrax has been used as a biological weapon. In the United States in 2001, anthrax was deliberately spread through the postal system by letters containing a powder with anthrax spores. As a result, 22 people were infected with anthrax; 5 died. What animals get anthrax? Cattle, sheep, and goats are most at risk for anthrax. Other animals, including horses, pigs, dogs, cats, and wildlife can also get anthrax. How can my animal get anthrax? Yes. Anthrax can enter through a break or abrasion in the skin after direct contact with infected animals or their products, such as blood, wool or hides. Anthrax may also be transferred by biting flies. Within a few days, redness, and swelling occur followed by a black scab at the site of infection. This cutaneous (skin) form is most commonly seen with natural infections of anthrax. Anthrax can also be inhaled (aerosol) in contaminated dust from the environment or animal products (e.g., hides, wool). This form of the disease is the most severe and can lead to death. Fever, coughing, severe chest pain and difficulty breathing may occur. Early treatment with antibiotics is important. People can become infected orally by eating undercooked meat of infected animals. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and severe, bloody diarrhea may occur. Most animals get anthrax orally through soil contaminated with anthrax spores while grazing. The organism is very hardy, resistant to common disinfectants and can survive for long periods in the environment. Carnivores can get anthrax by eating animals that die of anthrax. Last Updated: January 2006 In Animals – Contact your veterinarian immediately. In Humans – Contact your physician immediately. How can I protect my animal from anthrax? If you live in an area where anthrax naturally occurs, vaccination may help to protect your animals. A vaccine is available in the U.S. for use in livestock. To avoid spread to carnivores, animals that have died of anthrax should be burned or buried. Burning is preferred. Burial requires decontamination of the areas since the spores can continue to survive in the soil for decades and infect other animals. How can I protect myself from anthrax? Avoid contact with animals you suspect might have anthrax. Do not butcher animals you think might have died from anthrax. A vaccine is available for those with increased risk of exposure to anthrax because of their occupation (e.g., veterinarians, laboratory and military personnel, animal handlers). For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Anthrax at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ How does anthrax affect my animal? The most common sign of infection in animals is sudden death. Prior to death, animals may have a fever, muscle tremors, and difficulty breath- Who should I contact, if I suspect anthrax? Anthrax CDC website. Anthrax. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/ anthrax/needtoknow.asp routes of transmission in animals and humans. Photo from http://health.howstuffworks.com/ anthrax1.htm © 2006 ANTH_F0106 Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) What is bovine tuberculosis and what causes it? Bovine tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (my-ko-back-TEER-EE-um bov-us). It can infect many species of animals; cattle and buffalo most commonly. Bovine tuberculosis can spread to humans. It is still common in developing countries, a source of economic loss, and a serious health threat to humans. What animals get bovine TB? Cattle and buffalo are the maintenance hosts for the bacteria. Infections have also been described in many other animals including sheep, goats, horses, pigs, deer, dogs, cats. How can my animal get bovine TB? Bacteria are shed by infected animals in respiratory secretions, feces, milk, and, less commonly, other bodily fluids. Cattle are infected by inhaling droplets (aerosol) that contain the bacteria. Infection also occurs by ingestion (oral) if an animal swallows the bacteria. tive tract is involved, animals may develop diarrhea that comes and goes or become constipated. Can I get bovine TB? Yes. Bovine tuberculosis can infect humans and the most common route of infection is from drinking (oral) raw (unpasteurized) milk or eating dairy products made from raw milk. Less commonly, the bacteria can enter the body by breathing in (aerosol) or through breaks in the skin (direct contact). Infected humans may show no signs, develop infection in the chest and lungs, or have infection in other parts of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. The symptoms of chest and lung infection can include fever, chest pain, and a cough. Infected individuals often cough up blood. Who should I contact, if I suspect bovine TB? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. How does bovine TB affect my animal? Bovine tuberculosis is usually a slowly progressive and debilitating disease, but can occasionally have a quick onset and progress rapidly. Early stages of the infection often show no signs. As the disease progresses, weight loss, lack of appetite, weakness, and a low-grade fever are common. If the disease involves the lungs, animals will have a cough that is worse in the morning, during cold weather or activity, and they may have difficulty breathing. If the digesLast Updated: January 2006 How can I protect my animals from bovine TB? This is a federally regulated disease and veterinarians must report suspected cases. Animals in states where there has been TB diagnosed in the last year have to perform a skin test to see if they have been exposed. If found positive, they will be slaughtered and tracing and containment of animals that have had contact with them will occur. Some wild animal species (e.g. deer, elk) can serve as reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis, so limit their contact with cattle. There is not an effective vaccine and treatment is not advisable. How can I protect myself from bovine TB? Do not drink raw milk or eat dairy products that contain raw milk (e.g. imported cheeses). Pasteurization is effective at preventing the spread of bovine TB in milk. Similar to preventing spread in animals, early diagnosis and the slaughter of known infected animals will minimize the risk of human disease from exposure to these animals. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Bovine Tuberculosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/default.htm CDC website. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination at http://www.cdc.gov/ nchstp/tb/default.htm Bovine Tuberculosis bacteria may be found in raw milk and some cheeses. The disease can affect animals and humans. Photo from Danelle Bickett-Weddle, CFSPH © 2006 BTUB_F0106 Brucellosis Bang’s Disease, Undulant Fever What is brucellosis and what causes it? How does brucellosis affect my animal? Who should I contact, if I suspect brucellosis? Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Brucella (bru-CELL-a). Many different animal species and humans can become ill. Brucellosis is primarily a reproductive disease in animals, but it can also cause reoccurring fevers, arthritis or udder infection (mastitis). Brucellosis causes reproductive problems (e.g. abortions, stillbirth, infertility) in most species of animals. Other signs can include arthritis in cows and pigs, mastitis and lameness in goats, and oozing skin lesions in horses (“fistulous withers”). In Animals – Contact your veterinarian immediately. In Humans – Contact your physician immediately. What animals get brucellosis? Brucellosis can affect sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, horses, and dogs. Brucellosis can also affect rats and wild animals including deer, bison, elk, moose, camels, water buffalo, and marine mammals. How can my animal get brucellosis? In animals, Brucella are usually spread through contact with infected birthing tissues and fluids (e.g., placenta, aborted fetuses, fetal fluids, vaginal discharges). The bacteria can also be found in the milk, blood, urine and semen of infected animals. Can I get brucellosis? Yes. People can become infected by eating or drinking (oral) raw milk or unpasteurized milk products that contain the Brucella bacteria. Direct contact or aerosol exposure to infected animal fluids are additional ways to be infected. People who work with animals (e.g., livestock producers, veterinarians) may be at higher risk of exposure to Brucella. Infection in people causes flu-like signs (fever, night sweats, headaches, back pain). Arthritis (joint pain) and reoccurring fevers may occur with long term infection. Rarely, cases of brucellosis can involve the nervous system, eyes, or heart. Animals can get the bacteria by ingestion (oral), direct contact with mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth), or breaks in the skin. Brucella can also be transmitted by contaminated objects (fomites) such as, equipment, clothing, shoes, hay, feed or water. Some animals are carriers; they will have the bacteria but show no signs of illness. These animals can shed the bacteria into the environment for long periods of time, infecting other animals in the herd. How can I protect my animals from brucellosis? Brucella can survive for months in the environment under optimum conditions but can be destroyed by heat and some disinfectants. Clean and disinfect thoroughly, areas exposed to infected animals, their urine, blood, milk, or discharges. Keep sick animals away from other animals to avoid spreading the disease. In the United States, a vaccination program is used to control brucellosis in cattle. Control programs exist for wildlife (bison and elk) in Yellowstone National Park. How can I protect myself from brucellosis? Do not eat or drink raw milk or unpasteurized dairy products. Wear protective clothing (gloves, masks) when handling reproductive tissues (assisting delivery of newborn animals). Always wash your hands after touching animals. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Brucellosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ Brucellosis is also called Bang’s disease after a discoverer of the bacterial organism. CDC website. Brucellosis at http://www. cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/ brucellosis_g.htm USDA-APHIS-VS. Brucellosis at http:// www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nahps/ brucellosis/ Photo from USDA, ARS, Photo Gallery Last Updated: June 2006 © 2006 BRUC_F0606 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Mad Cow Disease What is BSE and what causes it? Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (en-CEF-A-LOP-a-thee), also called BSE or “mad cow disease,” is an unusual disease that affects the brain of cattle and humans. Most scientists believe that it is caused by an abnormal protein in brain tissue, called a prion (PRY-on), that can cause fatal disease when eaten. As of 2005, two cases of BSE have been confirmed in the United States. One case was found in a cow imported from Canada. The second was an older cow in Texas. Neither animal was allowed to enter the human food supply. What animals get BSE? BSE is a disease of cattle. However, under experimental conditions, scientists have found that sheep, goats, pigs, cats, mink, mice, marmosets and some species of monkeys can be infected with the BSE agent. How can my animal get BSE? Most cattle are infected when they ingest (oral) prion contaminated “ruminant” meat and bone meal contaminated with prions. This dietary supplement has now been banned from feed since 1997 in the United States. A few cows may be able to pass BSE to their offspring, but animals don’t infect each other by direct contact. It has never been found in milk, meat or blood. How does BSE affect my animal? Infected cattle usually look completely normal for 2 to 8 years. As the disease affects the brain, signs such as trembling, stumbling, swaying or fallLast Updated: January 2006 ing, and behavioral changes such as unusual nervousness, aggression or frenzy are seen. The animal may also lose weight and produce less milk. The disease process is usually very slow but, in rare cases, cattle with BSE have become suddenly ill and rapidly worse within days. All cattle with BSE will die from the disease. Can I get BSE? Yes. Humans who eat BSE-contaminated beef products can develop a disease called variant CreuztfeldtJakob (KROITZ-felt YAH-cub) disease (vCJD). This disease is called ‘variant’ to distinguish it from a different, genetically acquired disease of humans called classic CreuztfeldtJakob disease (CJD). Initial signs of vCJD include behavioral changes and abnormal sensations. As disease progresses, stumbling, incoordination, and dementia occur followed by coma. There is no cure for vCJD. Most people die within a year after signs occur. Most cases have been in people who lived in the United Kingdom during the BSE outbreak in the late 1980s. Who should I contact, if I suspect BSE? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian immediately. In Humans – Contact your physician immediately. How can I protect my animal from BSE? Only two cases of BSE have ever been found in the U.S., so the risk that your animal will become infected is very low. As a precaution, the government has passed regulations to prevent certain tissues from being fed to cattle or other ruminants. How can I protect myself from vCJD? Your risk of getting vCJD is extremely low. Regulations prevent certain cattle tissues from being used in human foods. Import restrictions prevent BSE positive cattle from entering the U.S. and there is a monitoring program for the disease. BSE is found in many European countries but most have implemented strict control measures to prevent the agent from entering the human food supply. Milk and milk products are thought to be safe. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ CDC website. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/cjd.htm BSE causes “spongy” holes in the brain tissue of affected cattle. USDA-APHIS-VS. BSE at http://www. aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_ notice/fs_ahbse.pdf Photo from USDA, APHIS, Dr. Al Jenny © 2006 BSE_F0106 Cryptosporidiosis What is cryptosporidiosis and what causes it? Can I get cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidiosis (KRIP-toe-sporid-ee-OH-sis) is a diarrheal disease caused by the protozoa, Cryptosporidium (KRIP-toe-spo-rid-ee-um). The disease can affect most animals, including humans, and usually causes mild diarrhea, but can be severe in young or weak animals. accidentally swallowing (oral) contaminated water (e.g., lakes, streams, swimming pools, hot tubs), eating contaminated food or by contact with objects contaminated with feces or unwashed hands (fomites). What animals get cryptosporidiosis? Most animals, especially the young, can get cryptosporidiosis. Calves and lambs are often affected. Dogs, cats and horses rarely get this disease. How can my animal get cryptosporidiosis? Infected people and animals shed the protozoa in their feces; this contaminates the environment. Cryptosporidium can survive up to 2 to 6 months in damp environments. The organism can be ingested (oral) in contaminated food or water or by contacting or licking contaminated non-living objects (fomites). It is also possible to inhale (aerosol) the organism, but this is very rare. Who should I contact, if I Yes. People become infected by suspect cryptosporidiosis? Symptoms develop about one week after exposure. Most people who become infected never get sick. If disease does occur it may include watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea and a poor appetite. Vomiting, fever, and muscle aches may also occur. Young children and pregnant women are particularly susceptible to dehydration. A rare form of cryptosporidiosis affects the lungs following inhalation (aerosol) of the organism. If you are ill with cryptosporidiosis, you can pass the organism to others in your feces. Infected people will continue shedding the organism for a few weeks after recovering, so avoid swimming in public areas during this time. How does cryptosporidiosis affect my animal? In animals, illness begins a few days after being infected. Usually, only young animals become ill and will have diarrhea, poor appetite, and weight loss. Usually the disease is fairly mild. However in animals that are very young, weakened by other infections or are poorly nourished, the disease can be serious or even fatal. Many animals can carry the Cryptosporidium organisms without showing signs of illness. Last Updated: June 2006 In Animals – Contact your veterinarian immediately. In Humans – Contact your physician immediately. How can I protect my animal from cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidium organisms are common in the environment and are carried by many animals without symptoms. The protozoa are resistant to many disinfectants. Chlorine does not effectively kill the organism. Therefore, it is hard to completely protect your animal. Keep sick animals away from those that are healthy. Clean and disinfect areas where animals have been ill or had diarrhea. Provide good nutrition and keep your animals healthy to minimize the risk and consequences of infection. How can I protect myself from cryptosporidiosis? Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently especially after using the toilet, touching animals and before handling or eating food. Wash all raw fruits or vegetables well before eating them. Do not drink (or swallow) water from lakes , streams, hot tubs or pools. Do not swim in public areas if you have or recently had diarrhea. For More Information Cryptosporidiosis is also called “crypto”. The protozoa is commonly found in contaminated water sources. © 2006 CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Cryptosporidiosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate. edu/DiseaseInfo/ CDC website. Cryptosporidiosis at http:// www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/ cryptosporidiosis/ CRYP_F0606 Dermatophilosis What is dermatophilosis and what causes it? Dermatophilosis is a skin disease caused by a bacterium called Dermatophilus congolensis (derm-ah-TOFill-us con-go-LEN-sis). The disease can affect many species of domestic and wild animals and occasionally humans. This condition is also known as lumpy wool, cutaneous streptothrichosis (cue-tane-EE-us strep-toethri-KO-sis), and strawberry footrot. What animals get dermatophilosis? Dermatophilosis can affect cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and less frequently pigs, dogs, and cats. How can my animal get dermatophilosis? The organism that causes dermatophilosis is found on the skin of diseased animals and also carrier animals that show no signs. It is thought to exist in soil but has not been isolated from the environment. Spread of the disease occurs by direct contact between animals or through exposure to contaminated surroundings (fomites) or by biting insects (vectors), particularly flies and ticks. Factors that break-down the natural protective barriers of the skin such as prolonged wetting by rain, high humidity, and high temperature allow the bacteria to spread. How does dermatophilosis affect my animal? Dermatophilosis can occur in animals of all ages but is more common in the young. Initially there is a matting of hair that has a “paintbrush” appearance. This leads to scab or crust Last Updated: January 2006 formation that may have pus underneath and a few animals may be itchy. The affected areas of cattle are often distributed over the head and the top of the neck and body Sores caused by biting flies are typically found on the back while those caused by ticks are primarily on the head, ears, under the legs, and in the groin area. Horses show signs similar to cattle and both species can develop the condition on the lower legs from standing in water or wet pens. In sheep, the infection causes “lumpy wool.” Less commonly, in tropical climates and in the presence of large numbers of ticks, affected animals can develop sores all over the body that can lead to death as their condition deteriorates. Who should I contact, if I suspect dermatophilus infection? Can I get dermatophilosis? How can I protect myself from dermatophilosis? Yes. In humans, after direct contact with an infected animal, dermatophilosis leads to the development of pustules on the hands and arms that are not painful. These sores will later break down to form shallow red ulcers that heal and leave scars. In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. How can I protect my animal from dermatophilosis? The best methods to control infection are isolating infected animals, culling those that are chronically ill, and controlling external parasites (flies, ticks). Additionally, affected animals can be given antibiotics or treated externally. There is no vaccine for dermatophilosis. Wear gloves and protective clothing when working with an infected animal and wash thoroughly afterwards. If you have a weakened immune system, stay away from any known infected animal. For More Information Merck Manual. Dermatophilosis. http:// www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/70600.htm Dermatophilosis is a bacterium that affects animals by causing scabs and crusts on the skin. Photo from Danelle Bickett-Weddle, CFSPH © 2006 DCON_F0106 Ringworm Dermatophytosis What is ringworm and what causes it? How does ringworm affect my animal? How can I protect my animal from ringworm? Ringworm is a fungal skin infection that can affect humans and many animal species. The infection is also called dermatophytosis (der-mat-Of-eye-toe-sis) and is caused by many types of fungi. The disease gets it name from the appearance of a “ring” type rash that develops on the skin of the infected person or animal. The disease has nothing to do with worms. After exposure, it takes two to four weeks before your animal shows clinical signs. There may be areas where the hair is gone and crusts or scales may develop on the skin in the affected areas. Often the skin in these areas is red and very itchy. Sometimes the fungi causing the problem will die in the center of the affected area, leaving an appearance of a circle or ring in your animal’s fur. This is where the term ringworm comes from. Ringworm is seen most often in animals with a poor or immature immune system. Young puppies or kittens must be kept in an area that is clean to reduce the risk of fungal infections. Infected animals should be treated and separated from other animals. Any animals with weak immune systems from other conditions (e.g. cancer, kidney disease), should be kept away from any infected animal. Some of the fungi that cause ringworm are only found on humans and very seldom found in animals. Others are found on animals and can be transferred to humans from the animals. There are also some ringworm fungi found in the soil, and under the right conditions, may affect either humans or animals. What animals get ringworm? Many species of animals can get ringworm, including dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rodents, rabbits and birds. How can my animal get ringworm? The fungi that cause ringworm may live for quite some time as infective spores and direct contact to these spores is the cause of this condition. These spores may be on the hair of an infected animal or even on items used on the animals like brushes or clippers. Your animal could also pick up these fungi by direct contact with the soil. Can I get ringworm? Yes. You may get the infection by direct contact with an infected animal or from an infected person. The most common symptom is itchiness and the spots are generally most inflamed at the edge with redness, scaling, and occasionally blistering. Who should I contact, if I suspect ringworm? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian immediately. In Humans – Contact your physician immediately. How can I protect myself from ringworm? The best way to protect yourself from ringworm is to use good hygiene habits. Wash your hands frequently, especially after contact with any animal. Clean and disinfect areas where your animal lives as well as any equipment used for the animal. Dilute chlorine bleach (1:10) may be used. If your animal becomes infected, wear gloves and protective clothing when contacting or treating the infected animal. Wash thoroughly after contact. Vacuuming also helps. If you have a weak immune system stay away from any known infected animal or person. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Dermatophytes at http://www.cfsph.iastate. edu/DiseaseInfo/default.htm Ringworm is a fungal skin disease that can affect many animal species and humans. CDC website. Ringworm at http://www. cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/ringworm.htm Photo shows ringworm skin lesion on arm of cat and its owner. Last Updated: June 2006 © 2006 DERM_0606 E. coli O157:H7 What is E. coli O157:H7 and what causes it? Can I get E. coli O157:H7? Escherichia coli (Esh-e-rik-E-a coelie) O157:H7 or E. coli O157:H7 is a toxin producing bacteria that causes intestinal disease in people which lasts about one week. Diarrhea with blood is typical. Severe cases can lead to kidney problems which can be lifethreatening, especially in children or the elderly. ingesting (oral) contaminated food, particularly raw or undercooked ground beef. Direct contact with the feces of infected animals can also be a source of exposure. There are many types of E. coli bacteria. The designation O157:H7 refers to the way scientists classify various E. coli bacteria. Some types of E. coli are normally found in the intestines of people and animals but do not cause illness. What animals get E. coli O157:H7? E. coli O157:H7 does not cause illness in animals, but the animals can serve as carriers of the bacteria. These bacteria can be found in cattle, sheep, pigs, deer, dogs and poultry. Infected animals, especially young ones, can shed the bacteria in their feces. Cattle are the main carriers. How can my animal get E. coli O157:H7? Animals, particularly livestock, get E. coli O157:H7 by ingesting (oral) the bacteria in the feces of infected animals, or by exposure to items contaminated with feces (e.g. food or water) or non-living objects (fomites). How can I protect myself Yes. Infection can occur from from E. coli O157:H7? Illness usually starts 1 to 2 days after exposure, with abdominal pain and cramping and watery diarrhea with blood. In adults, the infection clears on its own in about a week. In young children (under 10) and the elderly, serious complications involving the kidneys can develop in a small percentage of cases. Who should I contact, if I suspect E. coli O157:H7? In Humans – Contact your physician. How can I protect my animal from E. coli O157:H7? Exposure in animals can be minimized by preventing fecal contamination of feed and water. This can reduce the chance for ingestion of the bacteria. Exposure to the E. coli O157:H7 bacteria can come from ingesting raw or undercooked ground beef Human disease from E. coli O157: H7 is most often associated with eating improperly cooked meat, particularly ground beef, or from products such as unpasteurized milk and some processed meats. Use safe food preparation techniques. Wash your hands and all cooking equipment with soap and warm water after handling raw meat. Thaw meats in the refrigerator, never on the counter. Avoid cross contamination in the kitchen by using separate cutting boards for meats and vegetables. Cook meat thoroughly and to the proper cooking temperatures (check meat with a thermometer). Drink only pasteurized milk, juices, and cider. Wash your hands frequently after handling animals. Wear disposable gloves if you are in contact with sick animals and always wash your hands after touching animals. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Escherichia coli O157:H7 at http://www.cfsph. iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/ CDC website. E. coli O157:H7 at http:// www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/ diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm USDA Bad Bug Book at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap15.html How does E. coli O157:H7 affect my animal? Currently, there is no evidence that E. coli O157:H7 causes illness in animals. They only serve as carriers (or reservoirs) of the organism. Last Updated: June 2006 Photo: E. coli from Lawrence Berkeley National Lab © 2006 ECOL_F0606 Giardiasis What is giardiasis and what causes it? Can I get giardiasis? Giardiasis (gee-are-DYE-uh-sis) is caused by a one-celled, microscopic protozoan called Giardia intestinalis (gee-are-DEE-ah in-TES-tin-al-is). The parasite is found in the intestine of infected people or animals and is passed in large numbers in the stool. The parasite is protected by an outer shell allowing it to survive outside the body and in the environment for long periods of time. Giardiasis occurs worldwide and is particularly common in warm climates. It causes diarrhea in a wide variety of species. Exposure most commonly occurs though oral ingestion of the parasite in contaminated water or food. It can also be spread by direct contact with fecal material of infected people (hand-to-hand or hand-to-mouth). This may be a more common route for infants and children. What animals get giardiasis? Giardiasis infection occurs in a wide variety of domestic and wild mammal species including dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, beavers, coyotes, non-human primates, rodents, and raccoons. How can my animal get giardiasis? Giardia are found in soil, food, water, or surfaces that have been contaminated with the feces from infected humans or animals. Infection occurs after accidentally swallowing (oral) the parasite. How does giardiasis affect my animal? Most animals with giardiasis show no signs of disease. Diarrhea can occur, most commonly in younger animals. Soft stools, a poor hair coat, intestinal gas, weight loss or failure to gain weight can also be seen. The stools are light-colored, contain mucus (clear slime) and may contain undigested fat (white, greasy spots). Last Updated: June 2006 How can I protect my Yes. Anyone can get giardiasis. animals from giardiasis? Giardiasis is also a frequent cause of traveler’s diarrhea. Hikers, backpackers and campers who drink unfiltered or untreated water are more likely to get infected. People with giardiasis may have no signs of illness while others may experience diarrhea, intestinal gas, stomach cramps, and nausea. The disease usually clears up on its own in a few months. Who should I contact, if I suspect giardiasis? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. Pets and livestock can be infected from unsafe water sources such as lakes, streams, springs and shallow wells. Prompt removal of feces and cleaning and disinfecting pet areas can limit environmental contamination. Keeping pets indoors can decrease the risk of getting infected. Vaccines are available for dogs and cats but their use is very limited. How can I protect myself from giardiasis? To prevent infection, do not drink (or accidently swallow) untreated water from lakes, rivers, streams, springs or shallow wells. In countries where the water supply may not be safe, untreated drinking water or ice should be avoided. All raw vegetables or fruits should be washed before eating in water known to be uncontaminated. Good hygiene, such as hand washing, can help prevent infection and reduce spreading giardiasis to other people. For More Information Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease caused by protozoa found in untreated water sources. CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Giardiasis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ CDC website. Giardia at http://www.cdc. gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/giardiasis/default.htm Photo from http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/ japanese/lambl.html © 2006 GIAR_F0606 Leptospirosis What is leptospirosis and what causes it? Leptospirosis (LEP-toe-spy-ROWsis) is a disease caused by spiral shaped bacteria. Humans and animals are most likely to get leptospirosis from drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. The disease occurs worldwide. Cases usually occur during the summer and fall. In tropical climates, disease is more common during the rainy season. Large outbreaks have occurred after floods. What animals get leptospirosis? Leptospirosis can affect many species of wild and domestic animals, including marine mammals. The disease can affect cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and dogs but is rare in cats. How can my animal get leptospirosis? Leptospirosis is spread through the urine of infected animals, which gets into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. Animals become infected when they come into direct contact with this contaminated water or soil. The bacteria enter through cuts in the skin or through mucous membranes (eyes, nose or mouth). Animals can also become infected by drinking (oral) contaminated water. The bacteria can also be inhaled (aerosol). How does leptospirosis affect my animal? Disease in cattle, sheep, goats and swine may include a fever and reproductive problems (e.g., abortions). In horses, the eye is most commonly affected. The eyelids may be Last Updated: June 2006 reddened, the horse will be sensitive to light and may blink frequently or clouding of the eye may be seen. Signs of disease in dogs may include fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, refusal to eat, weakness, depression, stiffness and severe muscle pain. Some infected animals may show no signs of illness. Kidney damage can also occur from the disease. Young animals are usually more severely affected than older animals. Can I get leptospirosis? Yes. Humans can become infected with leptospirosis in ways similar to animals (direct contact with contaminated water or soil, ingestion [oral], or inhalation [aerosol]). Humans can also be exposed through direct contact with the urine of infected animals. Disease may range from mild to severe. Signs include flu-like illness (fever, body aches, headache), weakness, vomiting, mental confusion, jaundice (orange/yellow skin color), and stiff neck. Severe cases can lead to damage of the liver, kidney or central nervous system (brain, spinal cord). Who should I contact, if I suspect leptospirosis? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. How can I protect my animal from leptospirosis? Avoid contact with contaminated water or soil environments or infected wildlife, especially rodents. Do not allow animals to drink from or enter contaminated bodies of water. Leptospirosis vaccines are available for pigs, cattle and dogs. These vaccines help to prevent disease severity but may not completely prevent infection. How can I protect myself from leptospirosis? Prevent and control infection in animals. Mice and rats can be reservoirs of the disease so rodent control is important. Do not handle urine, blood or tissues from infected animals. If you have contact with infected animals, wear protective clothing, especially gloves. Always wash your hands after touching animals or anything that may have been contaminated with animal urine. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Leptospirosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ Leptospira are spiral shaped bacteria, that damage the liver, kidneys and other organs CDC website. Leptospirosis at http:// www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/ diseaseinfo/leptospirosis_g_pet.htm Photo: Electron micrograph of Leptospira. © 2006 LEPT_F0606 Listeriosis What is listeriosis and what causes it? How does listeriosis affect my animal? Listeriosis (lis-tier-e-O-sis) is an infection caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (MONO-cyTAH-gin-ees). The disease occurs worldwide but is diagnosed more often in humans in urban areas in developed countries. Few people get listeriosis, but it is an important disease because of its high death rate due to brain inflammation and blood infection. In ruminants, listeriosis can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), abortion or blood poisoning. Signs include depression, loss of appetite, fever, lack of coordination, salivation, facial paralysis, and circling. Disease is more common in younger animals (1 to 3 years old). Infection can also cause mastitis in cows. Can I get listeriosis? Yes. Humans can become infect- What animals get listeriosis? ed with Listeria. Most infections In animals, listeriosis is most common in ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle) but occasional cases have occurred in rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, pigs, poultry, canaries, parrots and other species. A wide variety of domestic and wild mammals, birds, fish and crustaceans can carry the bacteria without getting sick. How can my animal get listeriosis? Listeria bacteria are widespread in the environment in soil, plants, mud and streams. Cattle, sheep and goats usually get sick from eating (oral) contaminated corn silage (livestock feed that is harvested while green and partially fermented in a silo or bunker). Poor quality silage with a high pH (low acid content) has been involved in most outbreaks because the bacteria can multiply in this environment. are caused by eating the bacteria in food (oral), but the bacteria can also be spread by inhalation (aerosol) or direct contact. Most cases in the United States involve newborns. Women can become infected during pregnancy but usually show no signs of illness, however their fetus or newborn infant can die from the infection. The elderly or individuals with weak immune systems are also at greater risk for the disease. A skin infection form of the disease can occur in people who handle sick animals. Listeria bacteria may be found in raw or undercooked deli meats or unpasteurized dairy products. Who should I contact, if I suspect listeriosis? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. How can I protect my animal from listeriosis? Feeding good quality corn silage with a low pH (high acid content) can decrease the risk of listeriosis to ruminants. Avoid spoiled or moldy silage and silage from the top layer (few inches) which has been exposed to air. Any leftover silage should be removed from the feedbunk after feeding. Rodents should be controlled. Animals sick with listeriosis should be isolated from other animals. If an animal aborts, the placenta and fetus should be properly disposed of to prevent animal and human contact. How can I protect myself from listeriosis? Thoroughly cook all food, especially meats. Wash fruits and vegetables before eating them. Do not eat or drink unpasteurized milk products. Pregnant women or people with weak immune systems should avoid soft style cheeses and deli meats. When assisting ruminant animals during the birthing process, wear gloves. Always wash your hands after touching animals. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Listeriosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ Photos from www.ngfn.de/19_175 and www.muscletech.com Last Updated: June 2006 © 2006 LIST_F0606 Melioidiosis What is melioidiosis and what causes it? Can I get melioidiosis? Melioidosis (mel-EE-oid-Oh-sis), also called Whitmore’s disease, is a bacterial disease that can affect humans and a variety of animal species. Illness can range from mild to severe and show a variety of signs. in ways similar to animals (directly from contaminated soil or water, aerosol and oral). People can also get Whitmore’s disease from infected people or animals through contact with infected blood or body fluid (urine, mucus, milk), but this route of infection is very rare. The disease most commonly occurs in tropical or subtropical areas and is associated with heavy rainfall or flooded areas with high temperatures and humidity. What animals get melioidiosis? Pigs, goats, and sheep are most commonly infected with melioidosis. Cattle, horses, dogs, rodents, and others can also become infected. How can my animal get melioidiosis? Animals can become infected through direct contact with soil or water containing the bacteria, which enters through cuts or wounds in the skin. Exposure can also occur by ingestion (oral) or inhalation (aerosol) of contaminated soil or water. Rarely, animals can get the disease from direct contact with the blood or body fluids (urine, mucous, milk) of other infected animals. How does melioidiosis affect my animal? Animals can be affected in many ways. Signs depend on the area of the animal infected and may include fever, loss of appetite, swollen glands or lymph nodes, pneumonia, abscesses, lameness, or nervous system signs. It is also possible your animal will not have any clinical signs. Last Updated: June 2006 Who should I contact if I Yes. Humans can get melioidiosis suspect melioidiosis? Symptoms can range from minimal to severe illness depending on the how the bacteria entered the body. Abscesses (swollen, draining lesions) can occur in the skin or internal organs. If inhaled, respiratory signs, such as cough, rapid breathing, and chest pain can occur. In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. How can I protect my animal from melioidiosis? Isolate any animal showing signs of illness. Thoroughly disinfect the environment where these animals have been. Vaccines are available in some countries but are not effective against exposure to large numbers of bacteria. How can I protect myself Individuals with weak immune from melioidiosis? systems (e.g., AIDS, cancer, diabetes, etc.) can have severe infections that can lead to pneumonia, fever, muscle aches, headache, loss of appetite, shock, and other signs depending on the site of infection. If the bacteria becomes spread throughout the body, the disease can be fatal. Prevention can be difficult because contaminated soil is the major source of infection. Precautions should be taken to prevent contamination of cuts or wounds. Gloves should always be worn around blood or body fluids from potentially infected animals or humans. There is currently no vaccine available to prevent Whitmore’s disease in humans. For More Information Melioidosis is a bacterial disease with a variety of signs, that can affect animals and humans. It occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Melioidosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ CDC website. Melioidosis at http://www. cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/ melioidosis_g.htm#issue Photos from Oregon State Extension and Dr. Stuart A. Thompson, Medical College of Georgia © 2006 MELI_F0606 Salmonellosis What is salmonellosis? Salmonellosis is caused by a group of bacteria found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. Salmonella (SAL-moh-NEL-uh) bacteria are shed in feces of infected animals or people and cause diarrheal illness, which can be quite severe in the young, elderly and individuals with weakened immune systems. Each year in the U.S. , an estimated 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported. What animals get salmonellosis? Salmonellosis can affect a many animal species including birds, reptiles and amphibians. Infections are most common in poultry, swine and reptiles. Disease can be seen in cattle, pigs and horses but is uncommon in cats and dogs. How can my animal get salmonellosis? Animals become infected with Salmonella through a fecal-oral route of transmission. This occurs by eating materials (e.g., feed, water, pasture grass) contaminated with feces of an infected animal. The bacteria can also be spread through direct contact with an infected animal or by objects (boots, coveralls, etc.) contaminated by fecal material from infected animals. The bacteria can live for months to years in warm, wet environments. How does salmonellosis affect my animal? Most animals infected with Salmonella do not show signs of disease. Clinical signs depend on the age and type of animal infected. Disease is usually more severe in stressed, young, or pregnant animals. Last Updated: June 2006 Signs can include watery, foul smelling diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever. Dehydration and shock can occur and lead to death; this is most common in young animals. Some animals infected with Salmonella may not show signs of illness but shed the bacteria in their feces when they are stressed. Can I get salmonellosis? Yes. People most commonly get salmonellosis from eating (oral) improperly cooked food, such as meat, eggs or unpasteurized milk/dairy products. People can also get salmonellosis by direct contact with feces/diarrhea from infected animals. If hands are not washed after contact, incidental oral ingestion can occur. This can happen after touching any infected animal (e.g. handling baby chicks and ducklings, lizards, or turtles). Disease in humans usually develops 12 to 72 hours after exposure. Signs include diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramping, which usually resolves in 4 to 7 days. Most people recover without treatment, but some may require hospitalization. Serious complications can occur and are most common in young children, the elderly and persons with weakened immune systems. Who should I contact if I suspect salmonellosis? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. How can I protect my animal from salmonellosis? Observe your animals for any signs of illness. Isolate any animal that are showing signs of illness. Clean up animal feces and dispose of it. Disinfect the environment of the animals. How can I protect myself from salmonellosis? Thoroughly cook animal products, such as meat and eggs. Do not drink unpasteurized milk. Always wash hands after having contact with animals or their feces. This is especially important after visiting petting zoos, and especially after touching lizards or turtles. Remember that young children, elderly adults, and people with concurrent illnesses are the most susceptible to this disease. For More Information Salmonellosis is a diarrheal disease caused by bacteria found in raw eggs or undercooked poultry. CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Salmonellosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ CDC website. Salmonellosis at http:// www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm Photo shows an electron micrograph of the Salmonella bacteria (pink) from the Illinois Department of Public Health © 2006 SALN_F0606 Q Fever Query Fever What is Q fever and what causes it? Can I get Q fever? Q fever (the Q stands for query) is a disease caused by the bacterium, Coxiella burnetii (Cox-EE-ell-uh burnet-EE-eye). The disease is found worldwide, except for New Zealand. It can cause reproduction problems in livestock and severe respiratory (lung) and liver disease in humans. breathing (aerosol) contaminated barnyard dust or by direct contact with infected animals while assisting with the delivery of newborn animals. Occasionally people can get Q fever by drinking (oral) contaminated milk or from tick bites (vector). What animals get Q fever? Sheep, goats and cattle are most likely to get Q fever. Other animals that can get the disease include dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, pigs, camels, buffalo, rodents, and some birds. How can my animal get Q fever? Animals get Q fever through contact with body fluids or secretions (milk, urine, feces or birthing products [amniotic fluid, placenta]) from infected animals. This may occur from direct contact, ingestion (oral), or indirect contact through objects contaminated with these materials (fomites). The bacteria is very hardy in the environment and can survive for long periods. This can lead to infection by inhaling (aerosol) the bacteria from contaminated barnyard dust. Ticks (vector) can also spread infection between animals. How does Q fever affect my animal? How can I protect my animal Yes. People usually get Q fever by from Q fever? Symptoms of Q fever include fever, chills, night sweats, headache, fatigue and chest pains. Pneumonia (lung infection) and hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) can occur in serious cases. In pregnant women, infections can cause premature delivery, abortion and infection of the placenta. In people with pre-existing heart valve disease, endocarditis (inflammation of the heart valves) may occur. Who should I contact, if I suspect Q fever? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. Q Fever is caused by the bacterium, Coxiella burnetii which causes reproductive problems in many animal species. Keep pregnant livestock separate from other animals. Burn or bury the remaining reproductive tissues after abortions or delivery of newborn animals to reduce the spread of the disease between animals. Take great care when handling these tissues to avoid your exposure to Q fever. If you suspect Q fever contact your veterinarian for information on how properly to dispose of possibly infected tissue. How can I protect myself from Q fever? Avoid contact with the placenta, birth tissues, fetal membranes and aborted fetuses of sheep, cattle and goats. If you are assisting the delivery of newborn animals, wear gloves, masks and eye protection. People with heart valve disease, who have had valve replacements or pregnant women should be especially careful around pregnant sheep, cattle and goats. Eat and drink only pasteurized milk and milk products. There is a vaccine available (in some areas) for people who work around pregnant sheep and goats. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Q Fever at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ CDC website. Q Fever at http://www. cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/ sub_q_fever.htm The most common sign of infection in animals is abortion during late pregnancy. However, most animals do not show any signs of illness with Q fever. Photos from www.griffith.edu.au and USDA OnLine Photography Center. Last Updated: June 2006 © 2006 QFEV_F0606 Rabies What is rabies and what causes it? Rabies is a severely fatal viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans. Infection results in damage to the nervous system and death. Rabies occurs worldwide. In the U.S. only 2 or 3 human cases of rabies occur each year and are usually associated with exposure to bats. In animals, over 7,000 cases are reported each year in the U.S., primarily in wildlife species such as raccoons, skunks, and bats. What animals get rabies? All mammals can get rabies. In the U.S., wildlife species such as raccoons, skunks, foxes, and coyotes are the major reservoirs for the virus. Rabies in domestic animal species has been reported for dogs, cats, cattle, horses, but any mammal can get the disease if exposed to the virus. Bats are another important reservoir for rabies. How can my animal get rabies? Rabies is most commonly spread by the bite (direct contact) of an infected animal whose saliva contains the virus. It has also been spread between animals by the ingestion (oral) of unpasteurized milk. The virus is not thought to be spread by blood, urine or feces. How does rabies affect my animal? Since the rabies virus affects the brain of animals, signs of rabies involve changes in behavior. Infected animals may show unusual aggression, friendliness or be fearful. Other signs include restlessness, paralysis of their legs, difficulty swallowing, Last Updated: June 2006 drooling and a change in the sound of their voice. They may overreact to stimuli such as noises or lights. Any animal infected with rabies will die in 7 to 10 days. Can I get rabies? Yes. People can get rabies from the bite (direct contact) of an infected animal. Other less common routes of exposure include contact with the brain or spinal cord fluid of infected animal or inhaling virus aerosolized from infected tissues. A limited number of human cases have occurred from organ transplants. In most human cases, signs of rabies do not develop until 1 to 3 months after exposure. Early symptoms include fever, headache, itching at the site of the bite, confusion and abnormal behavior. Infected people will be overstimulated by light and sounds and have difficulty swallowing. Once signs of disease begin, recovery is very rare and death usually occurs within 2 to 10 days. Fortunately, treatment before signs develop is highly effective and life-saving. Rabies is a severely fatal viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans. Who should I contact, if I suspect rabies? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian immediately. In Humans – Contact your physician immediately. How can I protect my animal from rabies? Prevention is the best way to stop rabies. Animals should be vaccinated for rabies and kept away from wildlife. Bats caught by cats should be sent in for testing. Dogs, cats or ferrets that have bitten humans and show no signs of illness may be observed for rabies under veterinary supervision for 10 days. If signs of rabies develop during this time, the animal must be euthanized and tested. How can I protect myself from rabies? Do not contact, handle or feed wildlife. Animals behaving abnormally (nocturnal animals wandering around in the daytime or wildlife acting exceptionally friendly) should especially be avoided. Do not pick up bats that are laying on the ground. If you are bitten by any animal, wash the wound well with soap and hot water. If you suspect rabies in the animal that bit you, contact your physician immediately, so post-exposure treatment can be started. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Rabies at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ DiseaseInfo/ CDC website. Rabies at http://www.cdc. gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/ sub_rabies.htm Virus photo from Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health. © 2006 RAB_F0606 Rift Valley Fever What is Rift Valley fever and what causes it? Rift Valley fever is a viral disease spread primarily by mosquitoes which can affect both humans and animals. Rift Valley fever occurs throughout most of Africa, and has been reported in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The disease has not occurred in the United States. What animals get Rift Valley fever? Sheep, cattle, and goats are the most severely affected. Other animals such as water buffalo, camels, monkeys, rodetns, cats, dogs, and horsescan also be infected. Severe disease can occur in newborn kittens and puppies. How can my animal get Rift Valley fever? Rift Valley fever is spread to animals through the bite of an infected mosquito (vector) and possibly ticks and biting midges. occurs from the bite of an infected mosquito (vector). The virus may also be spread through aerosol from infected animal tissues or fluids (blood, urine, fetal fluids), during slaughter or when assisting the delivery of newborn animals. Disease in people can range from no signs of illness to mild illness with fever to severe infection of the liver. Symptoms may include fever, headache, weakness, dizziness, stiffness of the neck, and sensitivity to light. Rare cases may develop into a severe hemorrhaging form of the disease. Most cases recover on their own. Death can occur in rare cases and is more likely when the severe form of the disease develops. Who should I contact, if I suspect Rift Valley fever? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. Can I get Rift Valley fever? Yes, people can become infected with Rift Valley fever virus. Transmission in humans most commonly Last Updated: December 2005 Rift Valley fever has never been reported in the United States. The best method to protect your animals from infection with Rift Valley fever is to use measures to decrease mosquito exposure. How can I protect myself from Rift Valley fever? You can reduce the chances of becoming infected with Rift Valley fever by taking measures to decrease mosquito exposure such as using mosquito repellent and foggers and avoiding the outdoors when mosquitoes are most active. When assisting animals with the delivery of newborn animals or if handling animal tissues, wear gloves, a mask and other protective clothing. Always wash your hands after touching animals. For More Information CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Rift Valley Fever at http://www.cfsph.iastate. edu/DiseaseInfo/ How does Rift Valley fever affect my animal? Rift Valley fever tends to affect young animals more severely than mature animals. In young animals, signs of infection include fever, failure to eat, weakness, diarrhea and death. In older animals, infection may cause fever, discharge from nose, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, decreased milk production and abortion. Abortion is often the only sign in mature animals. How can I protect my animal from Rift Valley fever? CDC website. Rift Valley Fever at http:// www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/rvf.htm World Health Organization (WHO). Rift Valley Fever at http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/ Rift Valley Fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that causes illness in animals and humans. Virus photo from University of California-Davis College of Veterinary Medicine . © 2005 RVF_F1205 Vesicular Stomatitis What is vesicular stomatitis and what causes it? Vesicular stomatitis (ves-ICK-ular st-OO-ma-TIE-tis) is an important viral disease of animals and can infect humans. It is caused by a virus and is found in the United States, Mexico, Central America and parts of South America. The vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) causes blister-like sores on the mouths or feet of infected animals. The signs of this disease are almost identical to three other important diseases of animals: foot and mouth disease, swine vesicular disease and vesicular exanthema of swine. What animals get vesicular stomatitis? Horses, donkeys, mules, cattle, swine, and South American camelids can be affected by VSV. Horses are usually affected the most severely. Sheep and goats are resistant and rarely show signs of disease. How can my animal get vesicular stomatitis? VSV can be transmitted by insects (vector), especially sand flies and black flies. It can also be transmitted by direct contact with infected animals and contaminated objects known as fomites. Once VSV has entered a herd, the disease spreads between animals through contact with saliva or fluid from ruptured sores from infected animals. ing raw tissue that is so painful that infected animals often refuse to eat or drink. When blisters occur around the hooves, lameness can occur. Weight loss usually follows, and in dairy cows a severe drop in milk production is often seen. Can I get vesicular stomatitis? Yes. Humans can become infected with VSV when handling infected animals (direct contact). In affected people, vesicular stomatitis causes a flu-like illness with symptoms of fever, muscle aches, headache and weakness. Rarely, humans can get oral blisters similar to cold sores. Recovery usually occurs in four to seven days. Who should I contact, if I suspect vesicular stomatitis? In Animals – Contact your veterinarian immediately. Since VSV is so similar to FMD, it requires immediate notification of veterinary authorities. In Humans – Contact your physician and tell them you have been in contact with animals with VSV. How can I protect my animal from vesicular stomatitis? On-farm insect control programs may help reduce the likelihood of disease entering and spreading through a farm. When an outbreak of VSV occurs in a region, horse owners can protect their animals by keeping them on the farm and avoiding contact with other horses. Good sanitation and quarantine practices of affected farms will usually contain the infection until it dies out. How can I protect myself from vesicular stomatitis? Use protective measures such as gloves and a mask when handling animals suspected of having vesicular stomatitis. When working with animals, good personal hygiene with frequent hand washing is important in controlling most diseases that can spread from animals to humans. For More Information Vesicular Stomatitis is a viral disease that causes blisters on the mouth of livestock. CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Vesicular Stomatitis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/default.htm U.S. Department of Agriculture. Vesicular Stomatitis at http://www.aphis.usda. gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/ fs_ahvs.html How does vesicular stomatitis affect my animal? In animals, VSV causes blister-like sores to form in the mouth, gums, tongue, lips, nostrils, hooves and teats. These blisters swell and break, leavLast Updated: June 2006 Photo of a lesion on the dental pad of a sheep from VSV from CSIRO Australian Animal Health Lab © 2006 VSTO_F0606 Pseudocowpox Milker’s Nodule What is pseudocowpox and what causes it? Can I get pseudocowpox? Cattle are the main species that are affected by the pseudocowpox virus. A similar condition exists in sheep called “orf”; however, it is caused by a different virus that does not infect cattle. Yes. Pseudocowpox or milker’s nodule mainly affects milkers and farm workers caring for dairy cattle (direct contact) and less commonly, slaughterhouse workers and veterinarians. Small, red, raised, flat-topped spots show up one to two weeks after exposure on the fingers, hands, and arms of the infected person. Within a week, the sores will become lumps that are red-blue, firm, and slightly tender. The disease is usually mild and generally the sores disappear after several weeks. Unlike cows, immunity after infection seems to develop that protects against reinfection. How can my animal get pseudocowpox? Who should I contact, if I suspect pseudocowpox? Pseudocowpox (SUE-doe-cowpox) is a viral skin disease that causes mild sores on the teats and udders of cattle. This virus can also infect humans and the condition is commonly referred to as milker’s nodule. What animals can get pseudocowpox? Infection with the pseudocowpox virus requires exposure to an infected cow and it is most often spread between cows by humans during milking and on milking equipment. (fomites) In Animals – Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – Contact your physician. Last Updated: June 2006 It is very difficult to control the infection of cows within a herd. Sound milking hygiene practices such as effective teat dipping and disinfection of milking units between cows can slow the spread of the virus. Cow to cow spread may also be limited by wearing gloves and disinfecting the milker’s hands between cows. How can I protect myself from milker’s nodule? It is important to wear gloves when milking or handling the teats and udders of infected cows. Other sources of exposure are calf muzzles and contaminated milking equipment. In addition to wearing gloves, you should minimize contact with infected animals and thoroughly wash your hands and arms if contact occurs. For More Information Merck Manual. Pseudocowpox at http:// www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/71103.htm How does pseudocowpox affect my animal? The initial signs of pseudocowpox are small, reddish, raised sores on the teats and udders of cows. This is followed by the formation of vesicles, scabs, and nodules on the udder and teats. The extension of sores often forms a “ring” or “horseshoe” of scabs that are characteristic for pseudocowpox and this occurs over the course of several weeks. Although the disease spreads slowly through milking herds, it is common for the entire herd to eventually be affected. The length of immunity after infection is usually short and reinfection is common. How can I protect my animals from pseudocowpox? Employee Health Services. Occupational Health Program at https://occupationalhealth.ucdavis.edu/docs/cattleXXX.html Emedicine. Milker’s Nodules at http:// www.emedicine.com/derm/topic268.htm University of Florida. Infectious Lesions of the Bovine Teat at http://dairy.ifas. ufl.edu/health.html Pseudocowpox is a viral disease that causes sores on cow teats and human hands. Cows teat photo from “Countdown Downunder” at http://www.countdown.org.au/Teat_Images.htm Hand photo from Swiss Medical Weekly at http:// www.smw.ch/oeil/1998/128-38-085-98.html © 2005 PCPX_F0606 Bovine—Direct Contact Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Actinomyces pyogenes (Abscesses) Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative lymphangitis) Dermatophilus congolensis (Rainscald, rainrot) External parasites Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Foot rot (Fusobacterium necrophorum) Hairy heel warts Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR, red nose) Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Lumpy jaw (Actinomyces bovis) Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Malignant Catarrhal Fever-African Form Malignant Catarrhal Fever-North American Form Mastitis, coliform Mastitis, contagious Pinkeye (Moraxella bovis) Pseudo Cowpox Virus Pseudorabies Virus Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Rabies Rinderpest Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.) Tetanus (Clostridium tetanii) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2,3) Warts Wooden tongue (Actinobacillus lignieresii) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Bovine—Reproductive Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Bluetongue Virus Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR, red nose) Johne’s disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) Neospora caninum Trichomoniasis (Tritrichimonas fetus) Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) Vibrio (Campylobacter spp.) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Bovine—Aerosol Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Aspergillus spp. Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus (BRSV) Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Haemophilus somnus (TEME) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR, red nose) Malignant Catarrhal Fever—African Form Malignant Catarrhal Fever—North American Form Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Mycoplasma bovis Parainfluenza Virus (PI3) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2,3) Bovine—Oral Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Blackleg (Clostridium spp.) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) Circling disease (Listeria monocytogenes) Clostridial Enterotoxemia Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp., Isospora spp.) Coronavirus Cryptosporidium parvum Escherichia coli (E. coli) Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Giardia spp. Internal parasites Johne’s disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Lumpy jaw (Actinomyces bovis) Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Mycoplasma bovis Neospora caninum Rotavirus Salmonella spp. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) Wooden tongue (Actinobacillus lignieresii) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Bovine—Vector Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Akabane—Mosquitoes Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale)—Ticks Babesia spp. (Texas cattle fever, tick fever, redwater)—Ticks Bluetongue Virus—Midges Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative lymphangitis)—Flies Dermatophilus congolensis (Rainscald, rainrot)—Flies, ticks Grubs (Hypoderma spp.)—Flies Heartwater (Cowdria ruminatum)—Ticks Lumpy Skin Disease Virus—Mosquitoes, Flies Mastitis, contagious—Flies Pinkeye (Moraxella bovis)—Flies Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—Ticks Rift Valley Fever—Mosquitoes Screwworm myiasis—Fly larvae Vesicular Stomatitis Virus www.cfsph.iastate.edu (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype) —Mosquitoes Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2,3) —Mosquitoes Bovine—Fomite Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Bluetongue Virus Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp., Isospora spp.) Coronavirus Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative lymphangitis) Dermatophilus congolensis (Rainscald, rainrot) Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Hairy heel warts Lumpy jaw (Actinomyces bovis) Mastitis, coliform Mastitis, contagious Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.) Rotavirus Salmonella spp. Tetanus (Clostridium tetanii) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2,3) Warts www.cfsph.iastate.edu Canine—Aerosol Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Aspergillus spp. Blastomyces dermatitidis Bordetella bronchiseptica Canine Distemper Virus Canine Parvovirus 2 Coccidioides immitis Cryptococcus neoformans Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Histoplasma capsulatum Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV-2) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Nipah Virus Plague (Yersinia pestis) Pneumocystis carinii Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Canine—Oral Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) Brucellosis (Brucella canis) Campylobacter jejuni Canine Coronavirus Canine Parvovirus 2 Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.) Cryptosporidium parvum Echinococcus granulosus Escherichia coli (E. coli) Giardia spp. Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Helicobacter pylori Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala) Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Listeria monocytogenes Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Neospora caninum Pseudorabies Roundworms (Toxocara spp.) Salmon Poisoning (Neorickettsia helminthoeca) Salmonella spp. Strongyles (Strongyloides spp.) Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus spp.) Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Verminous Myelitis (Baylisascaris procyonis) Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Canine—Fomite Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Bordetella bronchiseptica Brucellosis (Brucella canis) Canine Distemper Virus Canine Parvovirus 2 Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.) Dermatophilus congolensis (Dermatophilosis) Giardia spp. Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Nipah Virus Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.) Salmonella spp. Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Canine—Direct Contact Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Brucellosis (Brucella canis) Capnocytophaga canimorsus External Parasites Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Haemobartenella canis Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Pasteurella spp. (Bite wound abscesses) Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Rabies Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.) Sporothrix schenckii (Rose gardener’s disease) Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Canine—Vector Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Babesia canis—ticks Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma cruzi)—Triatomine bug Ehrlichia spp.—ticks Haemobartenella canis—ticks www.cfsph.iastate.edu Leishmaniasis—sandflies Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks Plague (Yersinia pestis)—fleas Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—ticks Rift Valley Fever—mosquitoes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)—ticks Screwworm Myiasis—fly larvae Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes Equine—Aerosol Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Actinobacillus equuli Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Aspergillus spp. Equine Herpes Virus 1 (EHV-1, Equine Abortion Virus, Equine Rhinopneumonitis) Equine Herpes Virus 4 (EHV-4) Equine Influenza Equine Rhinovirus 1 Equine Rhinovirus 2 Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Hendra Virus (Equine Morbillivirus) Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Pasteurella spp. Rhodococcus equi Strangles (Streptococcus equi subsp. equi) Streptococcus pneumoniae www.cfsph.iastate.edu Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2, 3) Equine—Oral Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Actinobacillus equuli Adenovirus Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) Clostridial Enterocolitis (Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens) Coronavirus Cryptosporidium parvum Equine Herpes Virus 1 (EHV-1, Equine Abortion Virus, Equine Rhinopneumonitis) Equine Herpes Virus 4 (EHV-4) Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) Escherichia coli (E. coli) Giardia spp. Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Hendra Virus (Equine Morbillivirus) Internal Parasites Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Nipah Virus Potomac Horse Fever (Neorickettsia risticii) Rhodococcus equi Rotavirus Salmonella spp. Strangles (Streptococcus equi subsp. equi) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Equine—Direct Contact Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Brucellosis (Fistulous Withers, Poll Evil) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative Lymphangitis, Pigeon Fever, Dryland Distemper) Dermatophilus congolensis (Rain Scald, Rain Rot) External Parasites Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Rabies Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.) Sporothrix schenckii Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2, 3) Warts www.cfsph.iastate.edu Equine—Fomite Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Brucellosis (Fistulous Withers, Poll Evil) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative Lymphangitis, Pigeon Fever, Dryland Distemper) Dermatophilus congolensis (Rain Scald, Rain Rot) Equine Herpes Virus 1 (EHV-1, Equine Abortion Virus, Equine Rhinopneumonitis) Equine Herpes Virus 4 (EHV-4) Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Equine Influenza Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Hendra Virus (Equine Morbillivirus) Nipah Virus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.) Salmonella spp. Staphylococcus spp. Strangles (Streptococcus equi subsp. equi) Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2, 3) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Equine—Vector Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease African Horse Sickness—midges Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative Lymphangitis, Pigeon Fever, Dryland Distemper)—flies Dermatophilus congolensis (Rain Scald, Rain Rot)—flies and ticks Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis (EEE, WEE)—mosquitoes Ehrlichia equi—ticks Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)—flies Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks Narga (African Animal Trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma spp.)—flies Screwworm Myiasis—fly larvae Surra (Trypanosoma evansi)—flies Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks and flies Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)—mosquitoes Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype)—flies www.cfsph.iastate.edu Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2, 3)—flies West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes Equine—Reproductive Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Coital Exanthema (Equine Herpes Virus 3) Contagious Equine Metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis) Dourine (Trypanosoma equiperdum) Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) Escherichia coli (E. coli) Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Streptococcus zooepidemicus www.cfsph.iastate.edu Feline—Aerosol Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Aspergillus spp. Bordetella bronchiseptica Calicivirus (FCV) Canine Parvovirus 2 Chlamydia psittaci var felis Coccidioides immitis Cryptococcus neoformans Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus) Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FRV) Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Hendra Virus Histoplasma capsulatum www.cfsph.iastate.edu Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Nipah Virus Plague (Yersinia pestis) Pneumocystis carinii Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.) Feline—Oral Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Babesia spp. Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) Campylobacter jejuni Canine Parvovirus 2 Coccidiosis (Isospra spp.) Cryptosporidium parvum Escherichia coli (E. coli) Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus) Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Giardia spp. Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Helicobacter pylori Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Listeria monocytogenes Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Pseudorabies Roundworms (Toxocara spp.) Salmonella spp. Strongyles (Strongyloides spp.) Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus spp.) Toxoplasma gondii Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Whipworms (Trichuris campanula) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Feline—Fomite Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Bordetella bronchiseptica Canine Parvovirus 2 Chlamydia psittaci var felis Coccidiosis (Isospra spp.) Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FRV) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Giardia spp. Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Nipah Virus Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.) Salmonella spp. Feline—Direct Contact Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Capnocytophaga canimorsus External Parasites Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Haemobartenella felis www.cfsph.iastate.edu Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Pasteurella spp. (Bite wound abscesses) Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Rabies Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.) Sporothrix schenckii (Rose gardener’s disease) Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) Feline—Vector Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Babesia spp.—ticks Bartonella spp.—ticks & flies Cytauxzoon felis—ticks Ehrlichia spp.—ticks Haemobartenella felis—fleas www.cfsph.iastate.edu Leishmaniasis—sandflies Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks Plague (Yersinia pestis)—fleas Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—ticks Rift Valley Fever—mosquitoes Screwworm Myiasis—fly larvae Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks & flies West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes Virus (Disease) Humans Affected (relative size) SS = single stranded DS = double stranded Zoonotic (Z) Virus Family Foreign Animal Disease (for US) E: Enveloped NE: Nonenveloped Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected Animal Species Affected DNA Virus Families D N A NE Adenoviridae Bovine adenoviruses A, B, C B Canine adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis) C Caprine adenovirus Cp Equine adenoviruses A, B Eq Fowl adenoviruses A – E Human adenoviruses A – F (respiratory and/or ocular disease) 80 – 100 nm DS linear D N A E Asfarviridae Φ A H NHP Ovine adenoviruses A, B, C O Porcine adenoviruses A, B, C P African swine fever P Chicken anemia virus A Porcine circovirus P Psittacine beak and feather disease virus A 175 – 215 nm DS linear D N A NE Circoviridae 17 – 22 nm SS circular D N A E Z Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B virus H NHP 42 nm partial DS circular D N A E Herpesviridae 150 - 200 nm DS linear Φ Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (malignant catarrhal fever) B, Cv Avian herpesvirus 1 (infectious laryngotracheitis) A Bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) B Bovine herpesvirus 2 (pseudo-lumpy skin disease, bovine mammillitis) B Bovine herpesvirus 3/ bovine cytomegalovirus B Canine herpesvirus 1, 2 (hemorrhagic disease of pups) C Caprine herpesviruses 1, 2 Cp Equine herpesvirus 1 (equine viral rhinopneumonitis; equine abortion) Eq Equine herpesvirus 2 Eq Equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema) Eq Equine herpesvirus 4 (equine viral rhinopneumonitis) Eq Feline viral rhinotracheitis virus F Human herpes simplex virus 1 H NHP Human herpes simplex virus 2 H Human herpesvirus 3/ varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox, shingles) H Human herpesvirus 4/ Epstein Barr virus H Human herpesvirus 5/ human cytomegalovirus H Human herpesviruses 6, 7 (roseola infantum) H A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases 1 Herpesviridae (continued) Φ D N A NE Iridoviridae Φ Virus (Disease) Humans Affected (relative size) SS = single stranded DS = double stranded Zoonotic (Z) Virus Family Foreign Animal Disease (for US) E: Enveloped NE: Nonenveloped Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected Animal Species Affected Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish virus disease) Fish Koi herpesvirus disease Fish Marek’s disease virus A Oncorhynchus masou virus disease (or salmonid herpesvirus type 2 disease) Fish Ovine herpesvirus-1 O Ovine herpesvirus-2 (malignant catarrhal fever) B, Cp, Cv, O, P Porcine herpesvirus 2/ porcine cytomegalovirus P Pseudorabies virus (Aujeszky’s disease) B, C, Cp, F, O, P Epizootic haemotopoietic necrosis (EHN) Fish Largemouth bass disease Fish Bovine papillomavirus B Equine papillomavirus Eq 125 – 300 nm DS linear D N A NE Papovaviridae Human papillomavirus 45 - 55 nm DS circular D N A NE Parvoviridae H Adeno-associated viruses 1-6 H B19 virus H Canine minute virus/ canine parvovirus 1 18 - 26 nm SS linear C Canine parvovirus 2 (“parvo”) C Feline panleukopenia virus (Feline parvovirus) F Porcine parvovirus D N A E Poxviridae Φ Bovine papular stomatitis virus H B Z Contagious ecthyma/contagious pustular dermatitis/orf virus H C, Cp, Cv Z Cowpox virus H B, F, R 250 X 200 X 200 nm DS linear Feline pox virus F Fowlpox virus A Lumpy skin disease virus Φ Φ P Z Z Z B, Bf Monkeypox virus H NHP, R Pseudocowpox virus (milker’s nodules) H B Sheep and goat pox viruses Φ Smallpox virus (Variola) Cp, O H Swinepox virus Z Vaccinia virus P H B, L, P A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases 2 Humans Affected (relative size) SS = single stranded DS = double stranded Zoonotic (Z) Virus Family Foreign Animal Disease (for US) E: Enveloped NE: Nonenveloped Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected Φ Z Lassa virus H NHP, R Z Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus H C, NHP, P, R Z Machupo virus (Bolivian hemorrhagic fever) H NHP, R Equine arteritis virus (equine viral arteritis) Eq Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus R Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus P Simian hemorrhagic fever virus NHP Virus (Disease) Animal Species Affected RNA Virus Families R N A E Arenaviridae Φ 110 - 300 nm SS linear segments R N A E Arteriviridae 50 – 70 nm SS linear R N A NE Astroviridae Avian nephritis viruses 1, 2 A Bovine astrovirus B Feline astrovirus (gastroenteritis) Human astroviruses 1-8 (gastroenteritis) 28 – 30 nm SS linear R N A NE Birnaviridae F H Ovine astrovirus (gastroenteritis) O Porcine astrovirus (porcine acute gastroenteritis) P Turkey astrovirus (poultry enteritis and mortality syndrome) A Infectious bursal disease virus A Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) (hemorrhagic kidney syndrome) Fish 60 nm DS linear segments R N A E Bunyaviridae Φ 80 – 120 nm SS linear segments NE * B, Cp, O Cache Valley virus H B, O California encephalitis virus H R Z Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus H A, B, C, L, O Z Hantaviruses (various serotypes)* H R Z Jamestown Canyon virus H Cv Z Φ R N A Akabane virus (Akabane/congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly) Φ Z La Crosse virus (La Crosse encephalitis) H Cp, Cv, R Φ Z Nairobi sheep disease virus H Cp, O, R Φ Z Rift Valley fever virus H B, C, Cp, F, O Caliciviridae Bovine enteric calicivirus B Canine calicivirus B Feline caliciviruses (upper respiratory disease) F Fowl calicivirus Z 30 -38 nm SS linear Φ A Hepatitis E virus H P Noroviruses (Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses) H Porcine enteric calicivirus P Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus L San Miguel sea lion virus Φ Z Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesicular exanthema) Other, P H B, Eq, NHP, P A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases 3 E Coronaviridae Virus (Disease) Humans Affected (relative size) SS = single stranded DS = double stranded Zoonotic (Z) E: Enveloped NE: Nonenveloped R N A Virus Family Foreign Animal Disease (for US) Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected Avian infectious bronchitis virus A Bovine coronavirus B Canine coronavirus C Feline enteric coronaviruses F Feline infectious peritonitis virus Human coronaviruses (colds) 80 – 160 nm SS linear Φ Φ Z F H Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus P Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus P Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus H F Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus P Turkey coronavirus (bluecomb disease) R N A E Filoviridae Animal Species Affected A Φ Z Ebola virus H NHP Φ Z Marburg virus H NHP 790 – 970 X 80 nm SS linear R N A E Border disease virus Flaviviridae Φ Φ 45 – 60 nm SS linear R N A NE Nodaviridae Z O Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viruses 1, 2 B Classical swine fever virus (hog cholera) P Dengue virus H NHP Hepatitis C virus H Φ Z Japanese encephalitis virus H A, P Φ Z Louping ill virus H A,B, C, Cp, Cv, Eq, O, P,R Φ Z Murray valley encephalitis virus H A, B, C, Eq Φ Z Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus H R Z St. Louis encephalitis virus H A, Eq Φ Z Tick-borne encephalitis viruses (various subtypes) H B, C, Cp, O, R Φ Z Yellow fever virus H NHP Φ Z Wesselsbron virus H B, Cp, O Z West Nile Virus (WNV) (West Nile fever) H A, Eq Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (viral nervous necrosis) Fish 30 nm SS linear A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases 4 E Orthomyxoviridae Virus (Disease) Humans Affected (relative size) SS = single stranded DS = double stranded Zoonotic (Z) E: Enveloped NE: Nonenveloped R N A Virus Family Foreign Animal Disease (for US) Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected Infectious salmon anemia Z Z Fish Influenza virus A: H Avian influenza H Equine influenza Z Z 80 - 120 nm SS linear segments R N A E Paramyxoviridae Φ Z 150 – 300 nm SS linear Φ Z H A, P Human influenza H Fr, P Influenza virus B: (human influenza) H Fr Influenza virus C: (human influenza) H P Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease) H A A Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) B, O Canine distemper virus C, Fr C Hendra virus H Human parainfluenza viruses 1-4 H H Mumps virus H Nipah virus H Bt, C, Cp, Eq, F, O, P Parainfluenza 3 virus H B, O Respiratory syncytial virus R N A NE Picornaviridae Cp, O B, Cp, O, P Avian enteroviruses (encephalomyelitis, hepatitis) A Bovine enteroviruses B Bovine rhinoviruses Z 28 - 30 nm SS linear Φ Reoviridae Z Φ Z 60 - 80 nm DS linear segments NHP, P, R Eq B, Ca, Cp, Cv, O, P Human hepatitis A virus H NHP Human rhinoviruses H Poliovirus H ¥ Porcine enteroviruses (porcine enteroviral encephalomyelitis/ Teschen-Talfan disease) Φ NE H H¥ Foot and mouth disease virus Z R N A B Encephalomyelocarditis virus (encephalomyelocarditis) Equine rhinoviruses 1, 2 Φ NHP H Rinderpest virus Φ Bt, Eq, F Measles virus Peste de petitis ruminants virus Φ A, Eq, P Swine influenza Canine parainfluenza virus Z A, Eq, F, Fr, P Eq Avian paramyxoviruses 2-9 Φ Animal Species Affected Swine vesicular disease virus P H P African horse sickness viruses 1-10 Eq Avian orthoreoviruses A Bluetongue viruses 1-24 B, Cp, Cv, O Colorado tick fever virus H Epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses Rotaviruses, group A to F (rotaviral gastroenteritis) R B, Cv, O H A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases B, Eq, L, O, P, R 5 ¥ Virus (Disease) Humans Affected (relative size) SS = single stranded DS = double stranded Zoonotic (Z) Virus Family Foreign Animal Disease (for US) E: Enveloped NE: Nonenveloped Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected Animal Species Affected Unconfirmed mild human cases have been reported. R N A E Avian leukosis virus Retroviridae A Bovine immunodeficiency virus B Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) B Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus Cp, O Equine infectious anemia virus (EIA) Eq Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) F Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) 80 – 130 nm 2 copies SS linear F Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2) (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - AIDS) H Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1, 2 H Maedi-visna virus (ovine progressive pneumonia) R N A E Rhabdoviridae Φ Cp, O Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma virus (pulmonary adenomatosis) Cp, O Simian immunodeficiency virus NHP Simian leukemia viruses 1-3 NHP Bovine ephemeral fever virus B Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) Z Rabies Fish H All mammals Spring viremia of carp 180 X 75 nm SS linear R N A E Φ Togaviridae Z Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 1 and New Jersey subtypes) H B, Cp, Eq, O, P Z Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 2 and 3 subtypes) H B, Cp, Eq, O, P Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (Egtved disease) Z Z 70 nm SS linear Fish Fish Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE) H A, Bt, Eq, P, R Rubella virus H Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) H A, Eq, R Spring viremia of carp Z Fish Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE) H A, Eq Chart researched and compiled by Kristine Edwards, MA, DVM, MPH; Anna Rovid-Spickler, DVM, PhD and Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH. References: Aiello SE, Mays A, editors. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 8th Edition. Whitehouse Station, NJ; Merck and Co: 1998. All the Virology on the WWW. Available at http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/ATVGlossary.html American Society for Virology. Available at http://www.mcw.edu/asv/ Big Picture Book of Viruses. Available at http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology.html Flint SJ, Enquist LW, Racaniello VR, Skalka AM. Principles of Virology, Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis and Control of Animal Viruses. 2nd Edition. American Society of Microbiology, 2003. Princeton University, NJ. Gelderblom HR. Structures and Classification of Viruses. 1996. Medical Microbiology. Baron S, editor. Available at http://www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [ICTV]. Universal Virus Database [onLine]. ICTV; 2002. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/index.htm Accessed May 2005. MedBio World Virology. Available at http://www.sciencekomm.at/both/assocdb/virology.html Murphy FA. Gibbs EPJ, Horzinek MC, Studdert MJ. Veterinary Virology, 3rd Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.; 1999. The Journal of Virology. American Society of Microbiology. Available at http://jvi.asm.org The Virology Journal. Available at http://www.virologyj.com Virus family graphics adapted with permission from Medical Microbiology, 4th edition, Baron S., editor. 1996. Available at http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/images/fig41_6.jpg *This table was developed as a supplement for the CFSPH “Disinfection 101” document (http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRM/disinfectants.htm) which provides an overview of important principles for the development of disinfection protocols, including how to choose an appropriate disinfectant. We expect this virus table to be useful for veterinarians, veterinary students and graduate students in virology. The mammalian, avian and fish viruses selected are those we perceive to be the ones veterinarians will most likely need to know about. A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases 6 7