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Disease Fact Sheets Submitted by Callie Parr and used in cooperation with the University of Illinois at Urbana-­‐Champaign. The materials that appear in this document may be freely reproduced for educational/training activities. There is no requirement to obtain special permission for such uses. We do, however, ask that the following statement appear on all reproductions: DISEASE FACT SHEETS, by MULTIPLE AUTHORS Materials produced for classroom use in conjunction with permission from the University of Illinois Agricultural Education Program. This permission statement is limited to the reproduction of material for educational/training events. Systematic or large-­‐scale reproduction or distribution (more than one hundred copies per year)—or inclusion of items in publications for sale—may be done only with prior written permission. Also, reproduction on computer disk or by any other electronic means requires prior written permission. Contact the University of Illinois Agricultural Education Program to obtain special permission. The University of Illinois and its affiliated entities, in addition to the individual submitting the materials, assumes no liability to original work or activities therein. 1. Agricultural Education Program College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences © 2012 University of Illinois Board of Trustees Anthrax
What is anthrax and what
causes it?
ing. There may be bleeding from the
mouth, nose, and anus after death.
Anthrax is a bacterial disease
caused by Bacillus anthracis (ba-SILus an-THRAY-sis). This bacteria releases highly resistant spores, which
contaminate the environment and
helps the disease spread. Anthrax
causes sudden death in cattle, sheep,
and goats and can severely affect
humans. Outbreaks of anthrax occur
occasionally in certain areas of the
United States.
Can I get anthrax?
Anthrax has been used as a biological weapon. In the United States in
2001, anthrax was deliberately spread
through the postal system by letters
containing a powder with anthrax
spores. As a result, 22 people were
infected with anthrax; 5 died.
What animals get anthrax?
Cattle, sheep, and goats are most
at risk for anthrax. Other animals,
including horses, pigs, dogs, cats, and
wildlife can also get anthrax.
How can my animal get
anthrax?
Yes. Anthrax can enter through
a break or abrasion in the skin after
direct contact with infected animals
or their products, such as blood, wool
or hides. Anthrax may also be transferred by biting flies. Within a few
days, redness, and swelling occur followed by a black scab at the site of
infection. This cutaneous (skin) form
is most commonly seen with natural
infections of anthrax.
Anthrax can also be inhaled (aerosol) in contaminated dust from the
environment or animal products (e.g.,
hides, wool). This form of the disease
is the most severe and can lead to
death. Fever, coughing, severe chest
pain and difficulty breathing may
occur. Early treatment with antibiotics is important.
People can become infected
orally by eating undercooked meat
of infected animals. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and severe,
bloody diarrhea may occur.
Most animals get anthrax orally
through soil contaminated with
anthrax spores while grazing. The
organism is very hardy, resistant to
common disinfectants and can survive for long periods in the environment. Carnivores can get anthrax by
eating animals that die of anthrax.
Last Updated: January 2006
In Animals – Contact your
veterinarian immediately.
In Humans – Contact your
physician immediately.
How can I protect my animal
from anthrax?
If you live in an area where anthrax
naturally occurs, vaccination may
help to protect your animals. A vaccine is available in the U.S. for use in
livestock.
To avoid spread to carnivores, animals that have died of anthrax should
be burned or buried. Burning is preferred. Burial requires decontamination of the areas since the spores
can continue to survive in the soil for
decades and infect other animals.
How can I protect myself
from anthrax?
Avoid contact with animals you
suspect might have anthrax. Do not
butcher animals you think might
have died from anthrax. A vaccine is
available for those with increased risk
of exposure to anthrax because of
their occupation (e.g., veterinarians,
laboratory and military personnel,
animal handlers).
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Anthrax at
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
How does anthrax affect my
animal?
The most common sign of infection in animals is sudden death. Prior
to death, animals may have a fever,
muscle tremors, and difficulty breath-
Who should I contact, if I
suspect anthrax?
Anthrax
CDC website. Anthrax.
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/
anthrax/needtoknow.asp
routes of transmission
in animals and humans.
Photo from http://health.howstuffworks.com/
anthrax1.htm
© 2006
ANTH_F0106
Bovine Tuberculosis (TB)
What is bovine tuberculosis
and what causes it?
Bovine tuberculosis is a disease
caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (my-ko-back-TEER-EE-um
bov-us). It can infect many species
of animals; cattle and buffalo most
commonly. Bovine tuberculosis can
spread to humans. It is still common
in developing countries, a source of
economic loss, and a serious health
threat to humans.
What animals get bovine TB?
Cattle and buffalo are the maintenance hosts for the bacteria. Infections have also been described in
many other animals including sheep,
goats, horses, pigs, deer, dogs, cats.
How can my animal get
bovine TB?
Bacteria are shed by infected animals in respiratory secretions, feces,
milk, and, less commonly, other bodily fluids. Cattle are infected by inhaling droplets (aerosol) that contain
the bacteria. Infection also occurs by
ingestion (oral) if an animal swallows
the bacteria.
tive tract is involved, animals may
develop diarrhea that comes and
goes or become constipated.
Can I get bovine TB?
Yes. Bovine tuberculosis can infect
humans and the most common route
of infection is from drinking (oral) raw
(unpasteurized) milk or eating dairy
products made from raw milk. Less
commonly, the bacteria can enter
the body by breathing in (aerosol)
or through breaks in the skin (direct
contact). Infected humans may
show no signs, develop infection in
the chest and lungs, or have infection in other parts of the body such
as the kidney, spine, and brain. The
symptoms of chest and lung infection can include fever, chest pain, and
a cough. Infected individuals often
cough up blood.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect bovine TB?
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
How does bovine TB affect
my animal?
Bovine tuberculosis is usually a
slowly progressive and debilitating
disease, but can occasionally have
a quick onset and progress rapidly.
Early stages of the infection often
show no signs. As the disease progresses, weight loss, lack of appetite,
weakness, and a low-grade fever are
common. If the disease involves the
lungs, animals will have a cough that
is worse in the morning, during cold
weather or activity, and they may
have difficulty breathing. If the digesLast Updated: January 2006
How can I protect my
animals from bovine TB?
This is a federally regulated disease
and veterinarians must report suspected cases. Animals in states where
there has been TB diagnosed in the
last year have to perform a skin test
to see if they have been exposed. If
found positive, they will be slaughtered and tracing and containment
of animals that have had contact with
them will occur. Some wild animal
species (e.g. deer, elk) can serve as
reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis, so
limit their contact with cattle. There
is not an effective vaccine and treatment is not advisable.
How can I protect myself
from bovine TB?
Do not drink raw milk or eat dairy
products that contain raw milk (e.g.
imported cheeses). Pasteurization is
effective at preventing the spread of
bovine TB in milk. Similar to preventing spread in animals, early diagnosis
and the slaughter of known infected animals will minimize the risk of
human disease from exposure to
these animals.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Bovine
Tuberculosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/default.htm
CDC website. Division of Tuberculosis
Elimination at http://www.cdc.gov/
nchstp/tb/default.htm
Bovine Tuberculosis
bacteria may be found in
raw milk and some cheeses.
The disease can affect
animals and humans.
Photo from Danelle Bickett-Weddle, CFSPH
© 2006
BTUB_F0106
Brucellosis
Bang’s Disease, Undulant Fever
What is brucellosis and
what causes it?
How does brucellosis affect
my animal?
Who should I contact, if I
suspect brucellosis?
Brucellosis is an infectious disease
caused by bacteria called Brucella
(bru-CELL-a). Many different animal
species and humans can become ill.
Brucellosis is primarily a reproductive disease in animals, but it can also
cause reoccurring fevers, arthritis or
udder infection (mastitis).
Brucellosis causes reproductive
problems (e.g. abortions, stillbirth,
infertility) in most species of animals.
Other signs can include arthritis in
cows and pigs, mastitis and lameness
in goats, and oozing skin lesions in
horses (“fistulous withers”).
In Animals – Contact your
veterinarian immediately.
In Humans – Contact your
physician immediately.
What animals get
brucellosis?
Brucellosis can affect sheep, goats,
cattle, pigs, horses, and dogs. Brucellosis can also affect rats and wild
animals including deer, bison, elk,
moose, camels, water buffalo, and
marine mammals.
How can my animal get
brucellosis?
In animals, Brucella are usually
spread through contact with infected
birthing tissues and fluids (e.g., placenta, aborted fetuses, fetal fluids, vaginal
discharges). The bacteria can also be
found in the milk, blood, urine and
semen of infected animals.
Can I get brucellosis?
Yes. People can become infected
by eating or drinking (oral) raw milk
or unpasteurized milk products that
contain the Brucella bacteria. Direct
contact or aerosol exposure to
infected animal fluids are additional
ways to be infected. People who work
with animals (e.g., livestock producers, veterinarians) may be at higher
risk of exposure to Brucella.
Infection in people causes flu-like
signs (fever, night sweats, headaches,
back pain). Arthritis (joint pain) and reoccurring fevers may occur with long
term infection. Rarely, cases of brucellosis can involve the nervous system,
eyes, or heart.
Animals can get the bacteria by
ingestion (oral), direct contact with
mucous membranes (eyes, nose,
mouth), or breaks in the skin. Brucella can also be transmitted by contaminated objects (fomites) such
as, equipment, clothing, shoes, hay,
feed or water.
Some animals are carriers; they
will have the bacteria but show no
signs of illness. These animals can
shed the bacteria into the environment for long periods of time, infecting other animals in the herd.
How can I protect my
animals from brucellosis?
Brucella can survive for months
in the environment under optimum
conditions but can be destroyed by
heat and some disinfectants. Clean
and disinfect thoroughly, areas
exposed to infected animals, their
urine, blood, milk, or discharges. Keep
sick animals away from other animals
to avoid spreading the disease.
In the United States, a vaccination
program is used to control brucellosis
in cattle. Control programs exist for
wildlife (bison and elk) in Yellowstone
National Park.
How can I protect myself
from brucellosis?
Do not eat or drink raw milk or
unpasteurized dairy products. Wear
protective clothing (gloves, masks)
when handling reproductive tissues
(assisting delivery of newborn animals). Always wash your hands after
touching animals.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Brucellosis
at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
Brucellosis is also called
Bang’s disease
after a discoverer of the
bacterial organism.
CDC website. Brucellosis at http://www.
cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/
brucellosis_g.htm
USDA-APHIS-VS. Brucellosis at http://
www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nahps/
brucellosis/
Photo from USDA, ARS, Photo Gallery
Last Updated: June 2006
© 2006
BRUC_F0606
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
Mad Cow Disease
What is BSE and what
causes it?
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (en-CEF-A-LOP-a-thee), also
called BSE or “mad cow disease,” is an
unusual disease that affects the brain
of cattle and humans. Most scientists
believe that it is caused by an abnormal protein in brain tissue, called a
prion (PRY-on), that can cause fatal
disease when eaten.
As of 2005, two cases of BSE have
been confirmed in the United States.
One case was found in a cow imported from Canada. The second was an
older cow in Texas. Neither animal
was allowed to enter the human food
supply.
What animals get BSE?
BSE is a disease of cattle. However,
under experimental conditions, scientists have found that sheep, goats,
pigs, cats, mink, mice, marmosets
and some species of monkeys can be
infected with the BSE agent.
How can my animal get BSE?
Most cattle are infected when they
ingest (oral) prion contaminated
“ruminant” meat and bone meal contaminated with prions. This dietary
supplement has now been banned
from feed since 1997 in the United
States. A few cows may be able to
pass BSE to their offspring, but animals don’t infect each other by direct
contact. It has never been found in
milk, meat or blood.
How does BSE affect my
animal?
Infected cattle usually look completely normal for 2 to 8 years. As the
disease affects the brain, signs such as
trembling, stumbling, swaying or fallLast Updated: January 2006
ing, and behavioral changes such as
unusual nervousness, aggression or
frenzy are seen. The animal may also
lose weight and produce less milk.
The disease process is usually very
slow but, in rare cases, cattle with BSE
have become suddenly ill and rapidly
worse within days. All cattle with BSE
will die from the disease.
Can I get BSE?
Yes. Humans who eat BSE-contaminated beef products can develop
a disease called variant CreuztfeldtJakob (KROITZ-felt YAH-cub) disease
(vCJD). This disease is called ‘variant’ to distinguish it from a different, genetically acquired disease of
humans called classic CreuztfeldtJakob disease (CJD).
Initial signs of vCJD include
behavioral changes and abnormal
sensations. As disease progresses,
stumbling, incoordination, and
dementia occur followed by coma.
There is no cure for vCJD. Most people die within a year after signs occur.
Most cases have been in people who
lived in the United Kingdom during
the BSE outbreak in the late 1980s.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect BSE?
In Animals – Contact your
veterinarian immediately.
In Humans – Contact your
physician immediately.
How can I protect my animal
from BSE?
Only two cases of BSE have ever
been found in the U.S., so the risk that
your animal will become infected is
very low. As a precaution, the government has passed regulations to prevent certain tissues from being fed to
cattle or other ruminants.
How can I protect myself
from vCJD?
Your risk of getting vCJD is
extremely low. Regulations prevent
certain cattle tissues from being
used in human foods. Import restrictions prevent BSE positive cattle from
entering the U.S. and there is a monitoring program for the disease.
BSE is found in many European
countries but most have implemented strict control measures to prevent
the agent from entering the human
food supply. Milk and milk products
are thought to be safe.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy at
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
CDC website. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/cjd.htm
BSE causes “spongy”
holes in the brain tissue
of affected cattle.
USDA-APHIS-VS. BSE at http://www.
aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_
notice/fs_ahbse.pdf
Photo from USDA, APHIS, Dr. Al Jenny
© 2006
BSE_F0106
Cryptosporidiosis
What is cryptosporidiosis
and what causes it?
Can I get cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidiosis (KRIP-toe-sporid-ee-OH-sis) is a diarrheal disease
caused by the protozoa, Cryptosporidium
(KRIP-toe-spo-rid-ee-um).
The disease can affect most animals, including humans, and usually causes mild diarrhea, but can be
severe in young or weak animals.
accidentally swallowing (oral) contaminated water (e.g., lakes, streams,
swimming pools, hot tubs), eating
contaminated food or by contact
with objects contaminated with feces
or unwashed hands (fomites).
What animals get
cryptosporidiosis?
Most animals, especially the young,
can get cryptosporidiosis. Calves and
lambs are often affected. Dogs, cats
and horses rarely get this disease.
How can my animal get
cryptosporidiosis?
Infected people and animals shed
the protozoa in their feces; this contaminates the environment. Cryptosporidium can survive up to 2 to 6
months in damp environments. The
organism can be ingested (oral) in
contaminated food or water or by
contacting or licking contaminated
non-living objects (fomites). It is
also possible to inhale (aerosol) the
organism, but this is very rare.
Who should I contact, if I
Yes. People become infected by suspect cryptosporidiosis?
Symptoms develop about one
week after exposure. Most people
who become infected never get sick.
If disease does occur it may include
watery diarrhea, stomach cramps,
nausea and a poor appetite. Vomiting, fever, and muscle aches may also
occur. Young children and pregnant
women are particularly susceptible
to dehydration.
A rare form of cryptosporidiosis
affects the lungs following inhalation
(aerosol) of the organism.
If you are ill with cryptosporidiosis, you can pass the organism to
others in your feces. Infected people
will continue shedding the organism
for a few weeks after recovering, so
avoid swimming in public areas during this time.
How does cryptosporidiosis
affect my animal?
In animals, illness begins a few
days after being infected. Usually,
only young animals become ill and
will have diarrhea, poor appetite,
and weight loss. Usually the disease
is fairly mild. However in animals that
are very young, weakened by other
infections or are poorly nourished,
the disease can be serious or even
fatal. Many animals can carry the
Cryptosporidium organisms without
showing signs of illness.
Last Updated: June 2006
In Animals – Contact your
veterinarian immediately.
In Humans – Contact your
physician immediately.
How can I protect my animal
from cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidium organisms are
common in the environment and
are carried by many animals without
symptoms. The protozoa are resistant to many disinfectants. Chlorine
does not effectively kill the organism.
Therefore, it is hard to completely
protect your animal.
Keep sick animals away from those
that are healthy. Clean and disinfect
areas where animals have been ill or
had diarrhea. Provide good nutrition
and keep your animals healthy to
minimize the risk and consequences
of infection.
How can I protect myself
from cryptosporidiosis?
Wash your hands thoroughly and
frequently especially after using the
toilet, touching animals and before
handling or eating food. Wash all raw
fruits or vegetables well before eating them. Do not drink (or swallow)
water from lakes , streams, hot tubs or
pools. Do not swim in public areas if
you have or recently had diarrhea.
For More Information
Cryptosporidiosis
is also called “crypto”.
The protozoa is commonly
found in contaminated
water sources.
© 2006
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Cryptosporidiosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.
edu/DiseaseInfo/
CDC website. Cryptosporidiosis at http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/
cryptosporidiosis/
CRYP_F0606
Dermatophilosis
What is dermatophilosis
and what causes it?
Dermatophilosis is a skin disease
caused by a bacterium called Dermatophilus congolensis (derm-ah-TOFill-us con-go-LEN-sis). The disease
can affect many species of domestic
and wild animals and occasionally
humans. This condition is also known
as lumpy wool, cutaneous streptothrichosis (cue-tane-EE-us strep-toethri-KO-sis), and strawberry footrot.
What animals get
dermatophilosis?
Dermatophilosis can affect cattle,
sheep, goats, horses, and less frequently pigs, dogs, and cats.
How can my animal get
dermatophilosis?
The organism that causes dermatophilosis is found on the skin of
diseased animals and also carrier animals that show no signs. It is thought
to exist in soil but has not been isolated from the environment. Spread
of the disease occurs by direct contact between animals or through
exposure to contaminated surroundings (fomites) or by biting insects
(vectors), particularly flies and ticks.
Factors that break-down the natural
protective barriers of the skin such
as prolonged wetting by rain, high
humidity, and high temperature
allow the bacteria to spread.
How does dermatophilosis
affect my animal?
Dermatophilosis can occur in animals of all ages but is more common
in the young. Initially there is a matting of hair that has a “paintbrush”
appearance. This leads to scab or crust
Last Updated: January 2006
formation that may have pus underneath and a few animals may be itchy.
The affected areas of cattle are often
distributed over the head and the top
of the neck and body Sores caused
by biting flies are typically found on
the back while those caused by ticks
are primarily on the head, ears, under
the legs, and in the groin area. Horses
show signs similar to cattle and both
species can develop the condition on
the lower legs from standing in water
or wet pens. In sheep, the infection
causes “lumpy wool.” Less commonly,
in tropical climates and in the presence of large numbers of ticks, affected animals can develop sores all over
the body that can lead to death as
their condition deteriorates.
Who should I contact, if
I suspect dermatophilus
infection?
Can I get dermatophilosis?
How can I protect myself
from dermatophilosis?
Yes. In humans, after direct contact with an infected animal, dermatophilosis leads to the development
of pustules on the hands and arms
that are not painful. These sores will
later break down to form shallow red
ulcers that heal and leave scars.
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
How can I protect my animal
from dermatophilosis?
The best methods to control infection are isolating infected animals,
culling those that are chronically ill,
and controlling external parasites
(flies, ticks). Additionally, affected animals can be given antibiotics or treated externally. There is no vaccine for
dermatophilosis.
Wear gloves and protective clothing when working with an infected
animal and wash thoroughly afterwards. If you have a weakened
immune system, stay away from any
known infected animal.
For More Information
Merck Manual. Dermatophilosis. http://
www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/70600.htm
Dermatophilosis
is a bacterium that affects
animals by causing scabs
and crusts on the skin.
Photo from Danelle Bickett-Weddle, CFSPH
© 2006
DCON_F0106
Ringworm
Dermatophytosis
What is ringworm and what
causes it?
How does ringworm affect
my animal?
How can I protect my animal
from ringworm?
Ringworm is a fungal skin infection
that can affect humans and many
animal species. The infection is also
called dermatophytosis (der-mat-Of-eye-toe-sis) and is caused by many
types of fungi. The disease gets it
name from the appearance of a “ring”
type rash that develops on the skin of
the infected person or animal. The disease has nothing to do with worms.
After exposure, it takes two to four
weeks before your animal shows clinical signs. There may be areas where
the hair is gone and crusts or scales
may develop on the skin in the affected areas. Often the skin in these areas
is red and very itchy. Sometimes the
fungi causing the problem will die in
the center of the affected area, leaving an appearance of a circle or ring
in your animal’s fur. This is where the
term ringworm comes from.
Ringworm is seen most often in
animals with a poor or immature
immune system. Young puppies or
kittens must be kept in an area that
is clean to reduce the risk of fungal
infections. Infected animals should be
treated and separated from other animals. Any animals with weak immune
systems from other conditions (e.g.
cancer, kidney disease), should be
kept away from any infected animal.
Some of the fungi that cause ringworm are only found on humans and
very seldom found in animals. Others are found on animals and can be
transferred to humans from the animals. There are also some ringworm
fungi found in the soil, and under the
right conditions, may affect either
humans or animals.
What animals get ringworm?
Many species of animals can get
ringworm, including dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rodents, rabbits and birds.
How can my animal get
ringworm?
The fungi that cause ringworm may
live for quite some time as infective
spores and direct contact to these
spores is the cause of this condition.
These spores may be on the hair of
an infected animal or even on items
used on the animals like brushes or
clippers. Your animal could also pick
up these fungi by direct contact with
the soil.
Can I get ringworm?
Yes. You may get the infection by
direct contact with an infected animal or from an infected person. The
most common symptom is itchiness
and the spots are generally most
inflamed at the edge with redness,
scaling, and occasionally blistering.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect ringworm?
In Animals – Contact your
veterinarian immediately.
In Humans – Contact your
physician immediately.
How can I protect myself
from ringworm?
The best way to protect yourself from ringworm is to use good
hygiene habits. Wash your hands frequently, especially after contact with
any animal. Clean and disinfect areas
where your animal lives as well as any
equipment used for the animal. Dilute
chlorine bleach (1:10) may be used.
If your animal becomes infected,
wear gloves and protective clothing when contacting or treating the
infected animal. Wash thoroughly
after contact. Vacuuming also helps.
If you have a weak immune system
stay away from any known infected
animal or person.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Dermatophytes at http://www.cfsph.iastate.
edu/DiseaseInfo/default.htm
Ringworm
is a fungal skin disease
that can affect many
animal species and humans.
CDC website. Ringworm at http://www.
cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/ringworm.htm
Photo shows ringworm skin lesion on arm of cat
and its owner.
Last Updated: June 2006
© 2006
DERM_0606
E. coli O157:H7
What is E. coli O157:H7 and
what causes it?
Can I get E. coli O157:H7?
Escherichia coli (Esh-e-rik-E-a coelie) O157:H7 or E. coli O157:H7 is a
toxin producing bacteria that causes
intestinal disease in people which
lasts about one week. Diarrhea with
blood is typical. Severe cases can lead
to kidney problems which can be lifethreatening, especially in children or
the elderly.
ingesting (oral) contaminated food,
particularly raw or undercooked
ground beef. Direct contact with
the feces of infected animals can also
be a source of exposure.
There are many types of E. coli
bacteria. The designation O157:H7
refers to the way scientists classify
various E. coli bacteria. Some types
of E. coli are normally found in the
intestines of people and animals but
do not cause illness.
What animals get E. coli
O157:H7?
E. coli O157:H7 does not cause illness in animals, but the animals can
serve as carriers of the bacteria. These
bacteria can be found in cattle, sheep,
pigs, deer, dogs and poultry. Infected
animals, especially young ones, can
shed the bacteria in their feces. Cattle
are the main carriers.
How can my animal get
E. coli O157:H7?
Animals, particularly livestock, get
E. coli O157:H7 by ingesting (oral) the
bacteria in the feces of infected animals, or by exposure to items contaminated with feces (e.g. food or water)
or non-living objects (fomites).
How can I protect myself
Yes. Infection can occur from from E. coli O157:H7?
Illness usually starts 1 to 2 days
after exposure, with abdominal pain
and cramping and watery diarrhea
with blood. In adults, the infection
clears on its own in about a week.
In young children (under 10) and
the elderly, serious complications
involving the kidneys can develop in
a small percentage of cases.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect E. coli O157:H7?
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
How can I protect my animal
from E. coli O157:H7?
Exposure in animals can be minimized by preventing fecal contamination of feed and water. This can
reduce the chance for ingestion of
the bacteria.
Exposure to the
E. coli O157:H7
bacteria can come
from ingesting
raw or undercooked
ground beef
Human disease from E. coli O157:
H7 is most often associated with eating improperly cooked meat, particularly ground beef, or from products
such as unpasteurized milk and some
processed meats.
Use safe food preparation techniques. Wash your hands and all
cooking equipment with soap and
warm water after handling raw meat.
Thaw meats in the refrigerator, never
on the counter. Avoid cross contamination in the kitchen by using separate cutting boards for meats and
vegetables. Cook meat thoroughly
and to the proper cooking temperatures (check meat with a thermometer). Drink only pasteurized milk,
juices, and cider. Wash your hands
frequently after handling animals.
Wear disposable gloves if you are in
contact with sick animals and always
wash your hands after touching animals.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Escherichia
coli O157:H7 at http://www.cfsph.
iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/
CDC website. E. coli O157:H7 at http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/
diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm
USDA Bad Bug Book at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap15.html
How does E. coli O157:H7
affect my animal?
Currently, there is no evidence
that E. coli O157:H7 causes illness in
animals. They only serve as carriers
(or reservoirs) of the organism.
Last Updated: June 2006
Photo: E. coli from Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
© 2006
ECOL_F0606
Giardiasis
What is giardiasis and what
causes it?
Can I get giardiasis?
Giardiasis (gee-are-DYE-uh-sis) is
caused by a one-celled, microscopic
protozoan called Giardia intestinalis
(gee-are-DEE-ah in-TES-tin-al-is). The
parasite is found in the intestine of
infected people or animals and is
passed in large numbers in the stool.
The parasite is protected by an outer
shell allowing it to survive outside
the body and in the environment
for long periods of time. Giardiasis
occurs worldwide and is particularly
common in warm climates. It causes
diarrhea in a wide variety of species.
Exposure most commonly occurs
though oral ingestion of the parasite in contaminated water or food. It
can also be spread by direct contact
with fecal material of infected people
(hand-to-hand or hand-to-mouth).
This may be a more common route
for infants and children.
What animals get
giardiasis?
Giardiasis infection occurs in a
wide variety of domestic and wild
mammal species including dogs,
cats, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs,
beavers, coyotes, non-human primates, rodents, and raccoons.
How can my animal get
giardiasis?
Giardia are found in soil, food,
water, or surfaces that have been
contaminated with the feces from
infected humans or animals. Infection occurs after accidentally swallowing (oral) the parasite.
How does giardiasis affect
my animal?
Most animals with giardiasis show
no signs of disease. Diarrhea can
occur, most commonly in younger
animals. Soft stools, a poor hair coat,
intestinal gas, weight loss or failure
to gain weight can also be seen.
The stools are light-colored, contain
mucus (clear slime) and may contain
undigested fat (white, greasy spots).
Last Updated: June 2006
How can I protect my
Yes. Anyone can get giardiasis. animals from giardiasis?
Giardiasis is also a frequent cause
of traveler’s diarrhea. Hikers, backpackers and campers who drink
unfiltered or untreated water are
more likely to get infected.
People with giardiasis may have
no signs of illness while others may
experience diarrhea, intestinal gas,
stomach cramps, and nausea. The
disease usually clears up on its own
in a few months.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect giardiasis?
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
Pets and livestock can be infected
from unsafe water sources such as
lakes, streams, springs and shallow
wells. Prompt removal of feces and
cleaning and disinfecting pet areas
can limit environmental contamination. Keeping pets indoors can
decrease the risk of getting infected.
Vaccines are available for dogs and
cats but their use is very limited.
How can I protect myself
from giardiasis?
To prevent infection, do not drink
(or accidently swallow) untreated
water from lakes, rivers, streams,
springs or shallow wells. In countries
where the water supply may not be
safe, untreated drinking water or ice
should be avoided.
All raw vegetables or fruits should
be washed before eating in water
known to be uncontaminated. Good
hygiene, such as hand washing, can
help prevent infection and reduce
spreading giardiasis to other people.
For More Information
Giardiasis
is a diarrheal disease
caused by
protozoa found in
untreated water sources.
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Giardiasis
at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
CDC website. Giardia at http://www.cdc.
gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/giardiasis/default.htm
Photo from http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/
japanese/lambl.html
© 2006
GIAR_F0606
Leptospirosis
What is leptospirosis and
what causes it?
Leptospirosis (LEP-toe-spy-ROWsis) is a disease caused by spiral
shaped bacteria. Humans and animals are most likely to get leptospirosis from drinking water contaminated
with the bacteria. The disease occurs
worldwide. Cases usually occur during the summer and fall. In tropical
climates, disease is more common
during the rainy season. Large outbreaks have occurred after floods.
What animals get
leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis can affect many
species of wild and domestic animals, including marine mammals.
The disease can affect cattle, sheep,
goats, pigs, horses, and dogs but is
rare in cats.
How can my animal get
leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is spread through
the urine of infected animals, which
gets into water or soil and can survive
there for weeks to months. Animals
become infected when they come
into direct contact with this contaminated water or soil. The bacteria enter through cuts in the skin or
through mucous membranes (eyes,
nose or mouth). Animals can also
become infected by drinking (oral)
contaminated water. The bacteria can
also be inhaled (aerosol).
How does leptospirosis
affect my animal?
Disease in cattle, sheep, goats
and swine may include a fever and
reproductive problems (e.g., abortions). In horses, the eye is most commonly affected. The eyelids may be
Last Updated: June 2006
reddened, the horse will be sensitive
to light and may blink frequently or
clouding of the eye may be seen.
Signs of disease in dogs may
include fever, vomiting, abdominal
pain, diarrhea, refusal to eat, weakness, depression, stiffness and severe
muscle pain. Some infected animals
may show no signs of illness. Kidney
damage can also occur from the disease. Young animals are usually more
severely affected than older animals.
Can I get leptospirosis?
Yes. Humans can become infected
with leptospirosis in ways similar to
animals (direct contact with contaminated water or soil, ingestion [oral], or
inhalation [aerosol]). Humans can also
be exposed through direct contact
with the urine of infected animals.
Disease may range from mild to
severe. Signs include flu-like illness
(fever, body aches, headache), weakness, vomiting, mental confusion,
jaundice (orange/yellow skin color),
and stiff neck. Severe cases can lead to
damage of the liver, kidney or central
nervous system (brain, spinal cord).
Who should I contact, if I
suspect leptospirosis?
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
How can I protect my animal
from leptospirosis?
Avoid contact with contaminated
water or soil environments or infected wildlife, especially rodents. Do not
allow animals to drink from or enter
contaminated bodies of water.
Leptospirosis vaccines are available for pigs, cattle and dogs. These
vaccines help to prevent disease
severity but may not completely prevent infection.
How can I protect myself
from leptospirosis?
Prevent and control infection in
animals. Mice and rats can be reservoirs of the disease so rodent control
is important. Do not handle urine,
blood or tissues from infected animals. If you have contact with infected animals, wear protective clothing,
especially gloves. Always wash your
hands after touching animals or anything that may have been contaminated with animal urine.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Leptospirosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
Leptospira
are spiral shaped bacteria,
that damage the liver,
kidneys and other organs
CDC website. Leptospirosis at http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/
diseaseinfo/leptospirosis_g_pet.htm
Photo: Electron micrograph of Leptospira.
© 2006
LEPT_F0606
Listeriosis
What is listeriosis and what
causes it?
How does listeriosis affect
my animal?
Listeriosis (lis-tier-e-O-sis) is an
infection caused by the bacterium
Listeria monocytogenes (MONO-cyTAH-gin-ees). The disease occurs
worldwide but is diagnosed more
often in humans in urban areas in
developed countries. Few people
get listeriosis, but it is an important
disease because of its high death
rate due to brain inflammation and
blood infection.
In ruminants, listeriosis can cause
encephalitis (inflammation of the
brain), abortion or blood poisoning. Signs include depression, loss of
appetite, fever, lack of coordination,
salivation, facial paralysis, and circling.
Disease is more common in younger
animals (1 to 3 years old). Infection
can also cause mastitis in cows.
Can I get listeriosis?
Yes. Humans can become infect-
What animals get listeriosis? ed with Listeria. Most infections
In animals, listeriosis is most common in ruminants (sheep, goats and
cattle) but occasional cases have
occurred in rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs,
cats, pigs, poultry, canaries, parrots
and other species.
A wide variety of domestic and
wild mammals, birds, fish and crustaceans can carry the bacteria without
getting sick.
How can my animal get
listeriosis?
Listeria bacteria are widespread
in the environment in soil, plants,
mud and streams. Cattle, sheep
and goats usually get sick from eating (oral) contaminated corn silage
(livestock feed that is harvested
while green and partially fermented in a silo or bunker). Poor quality silage with a high pH (low acid
content) has been involved in most
outbreaks because the bacteria can
multiply in this environment.
are caused by eating the bacteria
in food (oral), but the bacteria can
also be spread by inhalation (aerosol) or direct contact. Most cases in
the United States involve newborns.
Women can become infected during
pregnancy but usually show no signs
of illness, however their fetus or newborn infant can die from the infection.
The elderly or individuals with weak
immune systems are also at greater
risk for the disease. A skin infection
form of the disease can occur in people who handle sick animals.
Listeria
bacteria may be found in
raw or undercooked
deli meats or
unpasteurized
dairy products.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect listeriosis?
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
How can I protect my animal
from listeriosis?
Feeding good quality corn silage
with a low pH (high acid content)
can decrease the risk of listeriosis to
ruminants. Avoid spoiled or moldy
silage and silage from the top layer
(few inches) which has been exposed
to air. Any leftover silage should be
removed from the feedbunk after
feeding. Rodents should be controlled. Animals sick with listeriosis
should be isolated from other animals. If an animal aborts, the placenta and fetus should be properly
disposed of to prevent animal and
human contact.
How can I protect myself
from listeriosis?
Thoroughly cook all food, especially meats. Wash fruits and vegetables
before eating them. Do not eat or
drink unpasteurized milk products.
Pregnant women or people with
weak immune systems should avoid
soft style cheeses and deli meats.
When assisting ruminant animals
during the birthing process, wear
gloves. Always wash your hands after
touching animals.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Listeriosis
at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
Photos from www.ngfn.de/19_175 and
www.muscletech.com
Last Updated: June 2006
© 2006
LIST_F0606
Melioidiosis
What is melioidiosis and
what causes it?
Can I get melioidiosis?
Melioidosis (mel-EE-oid-Oh-sis),
also called Whitmore’s disease, is
a bacterial disease that can affect
humans and a variety of animal species. Illness can range from mild to
severe and show a variety of signs.
in ways similar to animals (directly
from contaminated soil or water,
aerosol and oral). People can also
get Whitmore’s disease from infected
people or animals through contact
with infected blood or body fluid
(urine, mucus, milk), but this route of
infection is very rare.
The disease most commonly
occurs in tropical or subtropical areas
and is associated with heavy rainfall
or flooded areas with high temperatures and humidity.
What animals get
melioidiosis?
Pigs, goats, and sheep are most
commonly infected with melioidosis.
Cattle, horses, dogs, rodents, and others can also become infected.
How can my animal get
melioidiosis?
Animals can become infected
through direct contact with soil or
water containing the bacteria, which
enters through cuts or wounds in
the skin. Exposure can also occur by
ingestion (oral) or inhalation (aerosol) of contaminated soil or water.
Rarely, animals can get the disease
from direct contact with the blood
or body fluids (urine, mucous, milk) of
other infected animals.
How does melioidiosis
affect my animal?
Animals can be affected in many
ways. Signs depend on the area of
the animal infected and may include
fever, loss of appetite, swollen glands
or lymph nodes, pneumonia, abscesses, lameness, or nervous system signs.
It is also possible your animal will not
have any clinical signs.
Last Updated: June 2006
Who should I contact if I
Yes. Humans can get melioidiosis suspect melioidiosis?
Symptoms can range from minimal to severe illness depending on
the how the bacteria entered the
body. Abscesses (swollen, draining lesions) can occur in the skin or
internal organs. If inhaled, respiratory
signs, such as cough, rapid breathing,
and chest pain can occur.
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
How can I protect my animal
from melioidiosis?
Isolate any animal showing signs
of illness. Thoroughly disinfect the
environment where these animals
have been. Vaccines are available in
some countries but are not effective
against exposure to large numbers of
bacteria.
How can I protect myself
Individuals with weak immune from melioidiosis?
systems (e.g., AIDS, cancer, diabetes,
etc.) can have severe infections that
can lead to pneumonia, fever, muscle
aches, headache, loss of appetite,
shock, and other signs depending on
the site of infection.
If the bacteria becomes spread
throughout the body, the disease can
be fatal.
Prevention can be difficult because
contaminated soil is the major source
of infection. Precautions should be
taken to prevent contamination of
cuts or wounds. Gloves should always
be worn around blood or body fluids
from potentially infected animals or
humans. There is currently no vaccine
available to prevent Whitmore’s disease in humans.
For More Information
Melioidosis
is a bacterial disease
with a variety of signs,
that can affect
animals and humans.
It occurs in tropical and
subtropical areas.
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Melioidosis
at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
CDC website. Melioidosis at http://www.
cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/
melioidosis_g.htm#issue
Photos from Oregon State Extension and Dr.
Stuart A. Thompson, Medical College of Georgia
© 2006
MELI_F0606
Salmonellosis
What is salmonellosis?
Salmonellosis is caused by a group
of bacteria found in the intestinal
tract of humans and animals. Salmonella (SAL-moh-NEL-uh) bacteria are
shed in feces of infected animals or
people and cause diarrheal illness,
which can be quite severe in the
young, elderly and individuals with
weakened immune systems. Each
year in the U.S. , an estimated 40,000
cases of salmonellosis are reported.
What animals get
salmonellosis?
Salmonellosis can affect a many
animal species including birds, reptiles and amphibians. Infections are
most common in poultry, swine and
reptiles. Disease can be seen in cattle,
pigs and horses but is uncommon in
cats and dogs.
How can my animal get
salmonellosis?
Animals become infected with Salmonella through a fecal-oral route of
transmission. This occurs by eating
materials (e.g., feed, water, pasture
grass) contaminated with feces of an
infected animal. The bacteria can also
be spread through direct contact
with an infected animal or by objects
(boots, coveralls, etc.) contaminated
by fecal material from infected animals. The bacteria can live for months
to years in warm, wet environments.
How does salmonellosis
affect my animal?
Most animals infected with Salmonella do not show signs of disease.
Clinical signs depend on the age and
type of animal infected. Disease is usually more severe in stressed, young, or
pregnant animals.
Last Updated: June 2006
Signs can include watery, foul smelling diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever.
Dehydration and shock can occur and
lead to death; this is most common in
young animals. Some animals infected
with Salmonella may not show signs
of illness but shed the bacteria in their
feces when they are stressed.
Can I get salmonellosis?
Yes. People most commonly get salmonellosis from eating (oral) improperly cooked food, such as meat, eggs
or unpasteurized milk/dairy products.
People can also get salmonellosis by
direct contact with feces/diarrhea
from infected animals. If hands are
not washed after contact, incidental oral ingestion can occur. This can
happen after touching any infected
animal (e.g. handling baby chicks and
ducklings, lizards, or turtles).
Disease in humans usually develops 12 to 72 hours after exposure.
Signs include diarrhea, fever and
abdominal cramping, which usually
resolves in 4 to 7 days. Most people
recover without treatment, but some
may require hospitalization.
Serious complications can occur
and are most common in young children, the elderly and persons with
weakened immune systems.
Who should I contact if I
suspect salmonellosis?
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
How can I protect my animal
from salmonellosis?
Observe your animals for any signs
of illness. Isolate any animal that are
showing signs of illness. Clean up animal feces and dispose of it. Disinfect
the environment of the animals.
How can I protect myself
from salmonellosis?
Thoroughly cook animal products,
such as meat and eggs. Do not drink
unpasteurized milk. Always wash
hands after having contact with animals or their feces. This is especially
important after visiting petting zoos,
and especially after touching lizards
or turtles. Remember that young children, elderly adults, and people with
concurrent illnesses are the most susceptible to this disease.
For More Information
Salmonellosis
is a diarrheal disease
caused by bacteria
found in raw eggs or
undercooked poultry.
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Salmonellosis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
CDC website. Salmonellosis at http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm
Photo shows an electron micrograph of the Salmonella bacteria (pink) from the Illinois Department of
Public Health
© 2006
SALN_F0606
Q Fever
Query Fever
What is Q fever and what
causes it?
Can I get Q fever?
Q fever (the Q stands for query) is
a disease caused by the bacterium,
Coxiella burnetii (Cox-EE-ell-uh burnet-EE-eye). The disease is found
worldwide, except for New Zealand.
It can cause reproduction problems
in livestock and severe respiratory
(lung) and liver disease in humans.
breathing (aerosol) contaminated
barnyard dust or by direct contact
with infected animals while assisting
with the delivery of newborn animals.
Occasionally people can get Q fever
by drinking (oral) contaminated milk
or from tick bites (vector).
What animals get Q fever?
Sheep, goats and cattle are most
likely to get Q fever. Other animals
that can get the disease include dogs,
cats, rabbits, horses, pigs, camels, buffalo, rodents, and some birds.
How can my animal get
Q fever?
Animals get Q fever through contact with body fluids or secretions
(milk, urine, feces or birthing products [amniotic fluid, placenta]) from
infected animals. This may occur from
direct contact, ingestion (oral), or
indirect contact through objects contaminated with these materials (fomites). The bacteria is very hardy in the
environment and can survive for long
periods. This can lead to infection by
inhaling (aerosol) the bacteria from
contaminated barnyard dust. Ticks
(vector) can also spread infection
between animals.
How does Q fever affect
my animal?
How can I protect my animal
Yes. People usually get Q fever by from Q fever?
Symptoms of Q fever include fever,
chills, night sweats, headache, fatigue
and chest pains. Pneumonia (lung
infection) and hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) can occur in serious
cases. In pregnant women, infections
can cause premature delivery, abortion and infection of the placenta. In
people with pre-existing heart valve
disease, endocarditis (inflammation
of the heart valves) may occur.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect Q fever?
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
Q Fever
is caused by the bacterium,
Coxiella burnetii
which causes
reproductive problems in
many animal species.
Keep pregnant livestock separate
from other animals. Burn or bury the
remaining reproductive tissues after
abortions or delivery of newborn animals to reduce the spread of the disease between animals. Take great care
when handling these tissues to avoid
your exposure to Q fever. If you suspect Q fever contact your veterinarian
for information on how properly to
dispose of possibly infected tissue.
How can I protect myself
from Q fever?
Avoid contact with the placenta,
birth tissues, fetal membranes and
aborted fetuses of sheep, cattle and
goats. If you are assisting the delivery of newborn animals, wear gloves,
masks and eye protection. People
with heart valve disease, who have
had valve replacements or pregnant
women should be especially careful
around pregnant sheep, cattle and
goats. Eat and drink only pasteurized milk and milk products. There is
a vaccine available (in some areas) for
people who work around pregnant
sheep and goats.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Q Fever
at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
CDC website. Q Fever at http://www.
cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/
sub_q_fever.htm
The most common sign of infection in animals is abortion during late
pregnancy. However, most animals
do not show any signs of illness with
Q fever.
Photos from www.griffith.edu.au and USDA OnLine
Photography Center.
Last Updated: June 2006
© 2006
QFEV_F0606
Rabies
What is rabies and what
causes it?
Rabies is a severely fatal viral disease that can affect all mammals,
including humans. Infection results in
damage to the nervous system and
death. Rabies occurs worldwide. In
the U.S. only 2 or 3 human cases of
rabies occur each year and are usually
associated with exposure to bats. In
animals, over 7,000 cases are reported each year in the U.S., primarily in
wildlife species such as raccoons,
skunks, and bats.
What animals get rabies?
All mammals can get rabies. In the
U.S., wildlife species such as raccoons,
skunks, foxes, and coyotes are the
major reservoirs for the virus. Rabies
in domestic animal species has been
reported for dogs, cats, cattle, horses,
but any mammal can get the disease
if exposed to the virus. Bats are another important reservoir for rabies.
How can my animal get
rabies?
Rabies is most commonly spread
by the bite (direct contact) of an
infected animal whose saliva contains the virus. It has also been spread
between animals by the ingestion
(oral) of unpasteurized milk. The virus
is not thought to be spread by blood,
urine or feces.
How does rabies affect my
animal?
Since the rabies virus affects the
brain of animals, signs of rabies
involve changes in behavior. Infected
animals may show unusual aggression, friendliness or be fearful. Other
signs include restlessness, paralysis
of their legs, difficulty swallowing,
Last Updated: June 2006
drooling and a change in the sound
of their voice. They may overreact to
stimuli such as noises or lights. Any
animal infected with rabies will die in
7 to 10 days.
Can I get rabies?
Yes. People can get rabies from the
bite (direct contact) of an infected
animal. Other less common routes
of exposure include contact with the
brain or spinal cord fluid of infected
animal or inhaling virus aerosolized
from infected tissues. A limited number of human cases have occurred
from organ transplants.
In most human cases, signs of
rabies do not develop until 1 to 3
months after exposure. Early symptoms include fever, headache, itching
at the site of the bite, confusion and
abnormal behavior. Infected people
will be overstimulated by light and
sounds and have difficulty swallowing. Once signs of disease begin,
recovery is very rare and death usually
occurs within 2 to 10 days. Fortunately, treatment before signs develop is
highly effective and life-saving.
Rabies
is a severely fatal
viral disease
that can affect all
mammals, including
humans.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect rabies?
In Animals – Contact your
veterinarian immediately.
In Humans – Contact your
physician immediately.
How can I protect my animal
from rabies?
Prevention is the best way to stop
rabies. Animals should be vaccinated
for rabies and kept away from wildlife.
Bats caught by cats should be sent in
for testing. Dogs, cats or ferrets that
have bitten humans and show no
signs of illness may be observed for
rabies under veterinary supervision
for 10 days. If signs of rabies develop
during this time, the animal must be
euthanized and tested.
How can I protect myself
from rabies?
Do not contact, handle or feed
wildlife. Animals behaving abnormally (nocturnal animals wandering around in the daytime or wildlife
acting exceptionally friendly) should
especially be avoided. Do not pick up
bats that are laying on the ground. If
you are bitten by any animal, wash
the wound well with soap and hot
water. If you suspect rabies in the animal that bit you, contact your physician immediately, so post-exposure
treatment can be started.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Rabies
at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
DiseaseInfo/
CDC website. Rabies at http://www.cdc.
gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/
sub_rabies.htm
Virus photo from Wadsworth Center of the New
York State Department of Health.
© 2006
RAB_F0606
Rift Valley Fever
What is Rift Valley fever and
what causes it?
Rift Valley fever is a viral disease
spread primarily by mosquitoes which
can affect both humans and animals.
Rift Valley fever occurs throughout
most of Africa, and has been reported in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen.
The disease has not occurred in the
United States.
What animals get Rift Valley
fever?
Sheep, cattle, and goats are the
most severely affected. Other animals
such as water buffalo, camels, monkeys, rodetns, cats, dogs, and horsescan also be infected. Severe disease
can occur in newborn kittens and
puppies.
How can my animal get Rift
Valley fever?
Rift Valley fever is spread to animals through the bite of an infected
mosquito (vector) and possibly ticks
and biting midges.
occurs from the bite of an infected
mosquito (vector). The virus may
also be spread through aerosol
from infected animal tissues or fluids (blood, urine, fetal fluids), during
slaughter or when assisting the delivery of newborn animals.
Disease in people can range from
no signs of illness to mild illness with
fever to severe infection of the liver.
Symptoms may include fever, headache, weakness, dizziness, stiffness
of the neck, and sensitivity to light.
Rare cases may develop into a severe
hemorrhaging form of the disease.
Most cases recover on their own.
Death can occur in rare cases and is
more likely when the severe form of
the disease develops.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect Rift Valley fever?
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
Can I get Rift Valley fever?
Yes, people can become infected
with Rift Valley fever virus. Transmission in humans most commonly
Last Updated: December 2005
Rift Valley fever has never been
reported in the United States. The
best method to protect your animals
from infection with Rift Valley fever
is to use measures to decrease mosquito exposure.
How can I protect myself
from Rift Valley fever?
You can reduce the chances of
becoming infected with Rift Valley
fever by taking measures to decrease
mosquito exposure such as using
mosquito repellent and foggers and
avoiding the outdoors when mosquitoes are most active.
When assisting animals with the
delivery of newborn animals or if
handling animal tissues, wear gloves,
a mask and other protective clothing.
Always wash your hands after touching animals.
For More Information
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Rift Valley
Fever at http://www.cfsph.iastate.
edu/DiseaseInfo/
How does Rift Valley fever
affect my animal?
Rift Valley fever tends to affect
young animals more severely than
mature animals. In young animals,
signs of infection include fever, failure
to eat, weakness, diarrhea and death.
In older animals, infection may cause
fever, discharge from nose, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, decreased
milk production and abortion. Abortion is often the only sign in mature
animals.
How can I protect my animal
from Rift Valley fever?
CDC website. Rift Valley Fever at http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/rvf.htm
World Health Organization (WHO). Rift
Valley Fever at http://www.who.int/
mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/
Rift Valley Fever
is a mosquito-borne
viral disease
that causes illness in
animals and humans.
Virus photo from University of California-Davis
College of Veterinary Medicine .
© 2005
RVF_F1205
Vesicular Stomatitis
What is vesicular stomatitis
and what causes it?
Vesicular stomatitis (ves-ICK-ular st-OO-ma-TIE-tis) is an important
viral disease of animals and can infect
humans. It is caused by a virus and is
found in the United States, Mexico,
Central America and parts of South
America. The vesicular stomatitis virus
(VSV) causes blister-like sores on the
mouths or feet of infected animals.
The signs of this disease are almost
identical to three other important
diseases of animals: foot and mouth
disease, swine vesicular disease and
vesicular exanthema of swine.
What animals get vesicular
stomatitis?
Horses, donkeys, mules, cattle,
swine, and South American camelids
can be affected by VSV. Horses are
usually affected the most severely.
Sheep and goats are resistant and
rarely show signs of disease.
How can my animal get
vesicular stomatitis?
VSV can be transmitted by insects
(vector), especially sand flies and
black flies. It can also be transmitted by direct contact with infected
animals and contaminated objects
known as fomites. Once VSV has
entered a herd, the disease spreads
between animals through contact
with saliva or fluid from ruptured
sores from infected animals.
ing raw tissue that is so painful that
infected animals often refuse to eat or
drink. When blisters occur around the
hooves, lameness can occur. Weight
loss usually follows, and in dairy cows
a severe drop in milk production is
often seen.
Can I get vesicular
stomatitis?
Yes. Humans can become infected
with VSV when handling infected animals (direct contact).
In affected people, vesicular stomatitis causes a flu-like illness with
symptoms of fever, muscle aches,
headache and weakness. Rarely,
humans can get oral blisters similar
to cold sores. Recovery usually occurs
in four to seven days.
Who should I contact, if I
suspect vesicular
stomatitis?
In Animals – Contact your veterinarian immediately. Since VSV is so
similar to FMD, it requires immediate
notification of veterinary authorities.
In Humans – Contact your physician and tell them you have been in
contact with animals with VSV.
How can I protect my animal
from vesicular stomatitis?
On-farm insect control programs
may help reduce the likelihood of
disease entering and spreading
through a farm. When an outbreak of
VSV occurs in a region, horse owners
can protect their animals by keeping them on the farm and avoiding
contact with other horses. Good
sanitation and quarantine practices
of affected farms will usually contain
the infection until it dies out.
How can I protect myself
from vesicular stomatitis?
Use protective measures such as
gloves and a mask when handling
animals suspected of having vesicular stomatitis. When working with
animals, good personal hygiene with
frequent hand washing is important
in controlling most diseases that can
spread from animals to humans.
For More Information
Vesicular Stomatitis
is a viral disease
that causes blisters
on the mouth
of livestock.
CFSPH Technical Fact Sheets. Vesicular
Stomatitis at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/default.htm
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Vesicular
Stomatitis at http://www.aphis.usda.
gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/
fs_ahvs.html
How does vesicular
stomatitis affect my animal?
In animals, VSV causes blister-like
sores to form in the mouth, gums,
tongue, lips, nostrils, hooves and teats.
These blisters swell and break, leavLast Updated: June 2006
Photo of a lesion on the dental pad of a sheep from
VSV from CSIRO Australian Animal Health Lab
© 2006
VSTO_F0606
Pseudocowpox
Milker’s Nodule
What is pseudocowpox and
what causes it?
Can I get pseudocowpox?
Cattle are the main species that
are affected by the pseudocowpox virus. A similar condition exists
in sheep called “orf”; however, it is
caused by a different virus that does
not infect cattle.
Yes. Pseudocowpox or milker’s
nodule mainly affects milkers and
farm workers caring for dairy cattle
(direct contact) and less commonly,
slaughterhouse workers and veterinarians. Small, red, raised, flat-topped
spots show up one to two weeks after
exposure on the fingers, hands, and
arms of the infected person. Within
a week, the sores will become lumps
that are red-blue, firm, and slightly
tender. The disease is usually mild and
generally the sores disappear after
several weeks. Unlike cows, immunity
after infection seems to develop that
protects against reinfection.
How can my animal get
pseudocowpox?
Who should I contact, if I
suspect pseudocowpox?
Pseudocowpox
(SUE-doe-cowpox) is a viral skin disease that causes
mild sores on the teats and udders
of cattle. This virus can also infect
humans and the condition is commonly referred to as milker’s nodule.
What animals can get
pseudocowpox?
Infection with the pseudocowpox
virus requires exposure to an infected cow and it is most often spread
between cows by humans during
milking and on milking equipment.
(fomites)
In Animals –
Contact your veterinarian.
In Humans –
Contact your physician.
Last Updated: June 2006
It is very difficult to control the
infection of cows within a herd. Sound
milking hygiene practices such as
effective teat dipping and disinfection of milking units between cows
can slow the spread of the virus. Cow
to cow spread may also be limited by
wearing gloves and disinfecting the
milker’s hands between cows.
How can I protect myself
from milker’s nodule?
It is important to wear gloves when
milking or handling the teats and
udders of infected cows. Other sources of exposure are calf muzzles and
contaminated milking equipment.
In addition to wearing gloves, you
should minimize contact with infected animals and thoroughly wash your
hands and arms if contact occurs.
For More Information
Merck Manual. Pseudocowpox at http://
www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/71103.htm
How does pseudocowpox
affect my animal?
The initial signs of pseudocowpox
are small, reddish, raised sores on the
teats and udders of cows. This is followed by the formation of vesicles,
scabs, and nodules on the udder and
teats. The extension of sores often
forms a “ring” or “horseshoe” of scabs
that are characteristic for pseudocowpox and this occurs over the
course of several weeks. Although
the disease spreads slowly through
milking herds, it is common for the
entire herd to eventually be affected.
The length of immunity after infection is usually short and reinfection
is common.
How can I protect my animals
from pseudocowpox?
Employee Health Services. Occupational
Health Program at https://occupationalhealth.ucdavis.edu/docs/cattleXXX.html
Emedicine. Milker’s Nodules at http://
www.emedicine.com/derm/topic268.htm
University of Florida. Infectious Lesions
of the Bovine Teat at http://dairy.ifas.
ufl.edu/health.html
Pseudocowpox
is a viral disease that
causes sores on cow teats
and human hands.
Cows teat photo from “Countdown Downunder”
at http://www.countdown.org.au/Teat_Images.htm
Hand photo from Swiss Medical Weekly at http://
www.smw.ch/oeil/1998/128-38-085-98.html
© 2005
PCPX_F0606
Bovine—Direct Contact Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Actinomyces pyogenes (Abscesses)
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative lymphangitis)
Dermatophilus congolensis (Rainscald, rainrot)

External parasites
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
 
Foot rot (Fusobacterium necrophorum)
Hairy heel warts
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR, red nose)
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Lumpy jaw (Actinomyces bovis)
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Malignant Catarrhal Fever-African Form

Malignant Catarrhal Fever-North American Form
Mastitis, coliform
Mastitis, contagious
Pinkeye (Moraxella bovis)
Pseudo Cowpox Virus

Pseudorabies Virus
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)

Rabies


Rinderpest
Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)

Tetanus (Clostridium tetanii)

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype)

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2,3)
 
Warts
Wooden tongue (Actinobacillus lignieresii)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Bovine—Reproductive Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Bluetongue Virus
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)


Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR, red nose)
Johne’s disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis)
Neospora caninum
Trichomoniasis (Tritrichimonas fetus)
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis)
Vibrio (Campylobacter spp.)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu

Bovine—Aerosol Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Aspergillus spp.
Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus (BRSV)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
 
Haemophilus somnus (TEME)
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR, red nose)

Malignant Catarrhal Fever—African Form
Malignant Catarrhal Fever—North American Form
Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Mycoplasma bovis
Parainfluenza Virus (PI3)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis)

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype)

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2,3)
 
Bovine—Oral Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Blackleg (Clostridium spp.)
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)

Circling disease (Listeria monocytogenes)

Clostridial Enterotoxemia
Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp., Isospora spp.)
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium parvum

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
 
Giardia spp.

Internal parasites
Johne’s disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis)
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Lumpy jaw (Actinomyces bovis)
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Mycoplasma bovis
Neospora caninum
Rotavirus
Salmonella spp.

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis)

Wooden tongue (Actinobacillus lignieresii)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Bovine—Vector Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Akabane—Mosquitoes
 
Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale)—Ticks

Babesia spp. (Texas cattle fever, tick fever, redwater)—Ticks
Bluetongue Virus—Midges
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative lymphangitis)—Flies
Dermatophilus congolensis (Rainscald, rainrot)—Flies, ticks

Grubs (Hypoderma spp.)—Flies
Heartwater (Cowdria ruminatum)—Ticks

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus—Mosquitoes, Flies

Mastitis, contagious—Flies
Pinkeye (Moraxella bovis)—Flies

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—Ticks
Rift Valley Fever—Mosquitoes
 

Screwworm myiasis—Fly larvae
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
(Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype) —Mosquitoes

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2,3) —Mosquitoes
 
Bovine—Fomite Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale)
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Bluetongue Virus
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp., Isospora spp.)
Coronavirus
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative lymphangitis)
Dermatophilus congolensis (Rainscald, rainrot)

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
 
Hairy heel warts
Lumpy jaw (Actinomyces bovis)
Mastitis, coliform
Mastitis, contagious
Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)

Rotavirus
Salmonella spp.

Tetanus (Clostridium tetanii)

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype)

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2,3)
 
Warts
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Canine—Aerosol Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Aspergillus spp.
Blastomyces dermatitidis

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Canine Distemper Virus
Canine Parvovirus 2
Coccidioides immitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
 
Histoplasma capsulatum
Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV-2)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Nipah Virus
 
Plague (Yersinia pestis)

Pneumocystis carinii

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)

Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

Canine—Oral Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Brucellosis (Brucella canis)

Campylobacter jejuni

Canine Coronavirus

Canine Parvovirus 2
Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.)
Cryptosporidium parvum

Echinococcus granulosus

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Giardia spp.

Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
 
Helicobacter pylori

Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala)

Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Listeria monocytogenes

Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Neospora caninum
Pseudorabies
Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)

Salmon Poisoning (Neorickettsia helminthoeca)
Salmonella spp.

Strongyles (Strongyloides spp.)

Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus spp.)

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)

Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

Verminous Myelitis (Baylisascaris procyonis)

Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Canine—Fomite Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Brucellosis (Brucella canis)

Canine Distemper Virus
Canine Parvovirus 2
Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.)
Dermatophilus congolensis (Dermatophilosis)

Giardia spp.

Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Nipah Virus
 
Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)

Salmonella spp.

Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Canine—Direct Contact Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Brucellosis (Brucella canis)

Capnocytophaga canimorsus

External Parasites

Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
 
Haemobartenella canis
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Pasteurella spp. (Bite wound abscesses)

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)

Rabies

Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)

Sporothrix schenckii (Rose gardener’s disease)

Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Canine—Vector Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Babesia canis—ticks

Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis,
Trypanosoma cruzi)—Triatomine bug

Ehrlichia spp.—ticks
Haemobartenella canis—ticks
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Leishmaniasis—sandflies

Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks

Plague (Yersinia pestis)—fleas

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—ticks

Rift Valley Fever—mosquitoes
 
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)—ticks

Screwworm Myiasis—fly larvae
 
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks

West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes

Equine—Aerosol Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Actinobacillus equuli
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Aspergillus spp.
Equine Herpes Virus 1
(EHV-1, Equine Abortion Virus, Equine Rhinopneumonitis)
Equine Herpes Virus 4 (EHV-4)
Equine Influenza
Equine Rhinovirus 1
Equine Rhinovirus 2
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)

Hendra Virus (Equine Morbillivirus)
 
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Pasteurella spp.

Rhodococcus equi

Strangles (Streptococcus equi subsp. equi)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2, 3)
 
Equine—Oral Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Actinobacillus equuli
Adenovirus
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Clostridial Enterocolitis
(Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens)

Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium parvum

Equine Herpes Virus 1
(EHV-1, Equine Abortion Virus, Equine Rhinopneumonitis)
Equine Herpes Virus 4 (EHV-4)
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Giardia spp.

Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)

Hendra Virus (Equine Morbillivirus)
 
Internal Parasites
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Nipah Virus
 
Potomac Horse Fever (Neorickettsia risticii)
Rhodococcus equi

Rotavirus
Salmonella spp.

Strangles (Streptococcus equi subsp. equi)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu

Equine—Direct Contact Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Brucellosis (Fistulous Withers, Poll Evil)

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
(Ulcerative Lymphangitis, Pigeon Fever, Dryland Distemper)
Dermatophilus congolensis (Rain Scald, Rain Rot)

External Parasites
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)

Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Rabies

Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)

Sporothrix schenckii
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
(Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype)
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2, 3)
Warts
www.cfsph.iastate.edu

 
Equine—Fomite Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Brucellosis (Fistulous Withers, Poll Evil)

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
(Ulcerative Lymphangitis, Pigeon Fever, Dryland Distemper)
Dermatophilus congolensis (Rain Scald, Rain Rot)

Equine Herpes Virus 1
(EHV-1, Equine Abortion Virus, Equine Rhinopneumonitis)
Equine Herpes Virus 4 (EHV-4)
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
Equine Influenza
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)

Hendra Virus (Equine Morbillivirus)
 
Nipah Virus
 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)

Salmonella spp.

Staphylococcus spp.
Strangles (Streptococcus equi subsp. equi)
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
(Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype)
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2, 3)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu

 
Equine—Vector Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease

African Horse Sickness—midges
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Ulcerative Lymphangitis,
Pigeon Fever, Dryland Distemper)—flies
Dermatophilus congolensis (Rain Scald, Rain Rot)—flies and ticks

Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis (EEE, WEE)—mosquitoes

Ehrlichia equi—ticks
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)—flies
Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks


Narga (African Animal Trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma spp.)—flies
Screwworm Myiasis—fly larvae
 

Surra (Trypanosoma evansi)—flies
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks and flies

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)—mosquitoes

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
(Indiana subtype 1; New Jersey subtype)—flies
www.cfsph.iastate.edu

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana subtypes 2, 3)—flies
 
West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes

Equine—Reproductive Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Coital Exanthema (Equine Herpes Virus 3)
Contagious Equine Metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis)

Dourine (Trypanosoma equiperdum)
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
www.cfsph.iastate.edu

Feline—Aerosol Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Aspergillus spp.
Bordetella bronchiseptica

Calicivirus (FCV)
Canine Parvovirus 2
Chlamydia psittaci var felis

Coccidioides immitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus)
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FRV)
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
 
Hendra Virus
 
Histoplasma capsulatum
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Nipah Virus
 
Plague (Yersinia pestis)

Pneumocystis carinii

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)

Feline—Oral Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Babesia spp.

Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Campylobacter jejuni

Canine Parvovirus 2
Coccidiosis (Isospra spp.)
Cryptosporidium parvum

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)
Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus)
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Giardia spp.

Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
 
Helicobacter pylori

Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.)

Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Listeria monocytogenes

Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Pseudorabies
Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)

Salmonella spp.

Strongyles (Strongyloides spp.)

Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus spp.)

Toxoplasma gondii

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)

Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

Whipworms (Trichuris campanula)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Feline—Fomite Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Canine Parvovirus 2
Chlamydia psittaci var felis

Coccidiosis (Isospra spp.)
Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FRV)
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Giardia spp.

Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Nipah Virus
 
Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)

Salmonella spp.

Feline—Direct Contact Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Capnocytophaga canimorsus

External Parasites

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
 
Haemobartenella felis
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Pasteurella spp. (Bite wound abscesses)

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)

Rabies

Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)

Sporothrix schenckii (Rose gardener’s disease)

Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

Feline—Vector Transmission
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Babesia spp.—ticks

Bartonella spp.—ticks & flies

Cytauxzoon felis—ticks
Ehrlichia spp.—ticks
Haemobartenella felis—fleas
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Leishmaniasis—sandflies

Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks

Plague (Yersinia pestis)—fleas

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—ticks

Rift Valley Fever—mosquitoes
 
Screwworm Myiasis—fly larvae
 
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks & flies

West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes

Virus (Disease)
Humans Affected
(relative size)
SS = single stranded
DS = double stranded
Zoonotic (Z)
Virus Family
Foreign Animal
Disease (for US)
E: Enveloped
NE: Nonenveloped
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
Animal
Species
Affected
DNA Virus Families
D
N
A
NE
Adenoviridae
Bovine adenoviruses A, B, C
B
Canine adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis)
C
Caprine adenovirus
Cp
Equine adenoviruses A, B
Eq
Fowl adenoviruses A – E
Human adenoviruses A – F (respiratory and/or ocular disease)
80 – 100 nm
DS linear
D
N
A
E
Asfarviridae
Φ
A
H NHP
Ovine adenoviruses A, B, C
O
Porcine adenoviruses A, B, C
P
African swine fever
P
Chicken anemia virus
A
Porcine circovirus
P
Psittacine beak and feather disease virus
A
175 – 215 nm
DS linear
D
N
A
NE
Circoviridae
17 – 22 nm
SS circular
D
N
A
E
Z
Hepadnaviridae
Hepatitis B virus
H NHP
42 nm
partial DS circular
D
N
A
E
Herpesviridae
150 - 200 nm
DS linear
Φ
Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (malignant catarrhal fever)
B, Cv
Avian herpesvirus 1 (infectious laryngotracheitis)
A
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
B
Bovine herpesvirus 2 (pseudo-lumpy skin disease, bovine mammillitis)
B
Bovine herpesvirus 3/ bovine cytomegalovirus
B
Canine herpesvirus 1, 2 (hemorrhagic disease of pups)
C
Caprine herpesviruses 1, 2
Cp
Equine herpesvirus 1 (equine viral rhinopneumonitis; equine abortion)
Eq
Equine herpesvirus 2
Eq
Equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema)
Eq
Equine herpesvirus 4 (equine viral rhinopneumonitis)
Eq
Feline viral rhinotracheitis virus
F
Human herpes simplex virus 1
H NHP
Human herpes simplex virus 2
H
Human herpesvirus 3/ varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox, shingles)
H
Human herpesvirus 4/ Epstein Barr virus
H
Human herpesvirus 5/ human cytomegalovirus
H
Human herpesviruses 6, 7 (roseola infantum)
H
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph;
R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases
1
Herpesviridae
(continued)
Φ
D
N
A
NE
Iridoviridae
Φ
Virus (Disease)
Humans Affected
(relative size)
SS = single stranded
DS = double stranded
Zoonotic (Z)
Virus Family
Foreign Animal
Disease (for US)
E: Enveloped
NE: Nonenveloped
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
Animal
Species
Affected
Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish virus disease)
Fish
Koi herpesvirus disease
Fish
Marek’s disease virus
A
Oncorhynchus masou virus disease (or salmonid herpesvirus type 2
disease)
Fish
Ovine herpesvirus-1
O
Ovine herpesvirus-2 (malignant catarrhal fever)
B, Cp, Cv, O, P
Porcine herpesvirus 2/ porcine cytomegalovirus
P
Pseudorabies virus (Aujeszky’s disease)
B, C, Cp, F, O, P
Epizootic haemotopoietic necrosis (EHN)
Fish
Largemouth bass disease
Fish
Bovine papillomavirus
B
Equine papillomavirus
Eq
125 – 300 nm
DS linear
D
N
A
NE
Papovaviridae
Human papillomavirus
45 - 55 nm
DS circular
D
N
A
NE
Parvoviridae
H
Adeno-associated viruses 1-6
H
B19 virus
H
Canine minute virus/ canine parvovirus 1
18 - 26 nm
SS linear
C
Canine parvovirus 2 (“parvo”)
C
Feline panleukopenia virus (Feline parvovirus)
F
Porcine parvovirus
D
N
A
E
Poxviridae
Φ
Bovine papular stomatitis virus
H B
Z
Contagious ecthyma/contagious pustular dermatitis/orf virus
H C, Cp, Cv
Z
Cowpox virus
H B, F, R
250 X 200 X 200 nm
DS linear
Feline pox virus
F
Fowlpox virus
A
Lumpy skin disease virus
Φ
Φ
P
Z
Z
Z
B, Bf
Monkeypox virus
H NHP, R
Pseudocowpox virus (milker’s nodules)
H B
Sheep and goat pox viruses
Φ
Smallpox virus (Variola)
Cp, O
H
Swinepox virus
Z
Vaccinia virus
P
H B, L, P
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph;
R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases
2
Humans Affected
(relative size)
SS = single stranded
DS = double stranded
Zoonotic (Z)
Virus Family
Foreign Animal
Disease (for US)
E: Enveloped
NE: Nonenveloped
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
Φ
Z
Lassa virus
H NHP, R
Z
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
H C, NHP, P, R
Z
Machupo virus (Bolivian hemorrhagic fever)
H NHP, R
Equine arteritis virus (equine viral arteritis)
Eq
Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus
R
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus
P
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus
NHP
Virus (Disease)
Animal
Species
Affected
RNA Virus Families
R
N
A
E
Arenaviridae
Φ
110 - 300 nm
SS linear segments
R
N
A
E
Arteriviridae
50 – 70 nm
SS linear
R
N
A
NE
Astroviridae
Avian nephritis viruses 1, 2
A
Bovine astrovirus
B
Feline astrovirus (gastroenteritis)
Human astroviruses 1-8 (gastroenteritis)
28 – 30 nm
SS linear
R
N
A
NE
Birnaviridae
F
H
Ovine astrovirus (gastroenteritis)
O
Porcine astrovirus (porcine acute gastroenteritis)
P
Turkey astrovirus (poultry enteritis and mortality syndrome)
A
Infectious bursal disease virus
A
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) (hemorrhagic kidney syndrome)
Fish
60 nm
DS linear segments
R
N
A
E
Bunyaviridae
Φ
80 – 120 nm
SS linear segments
NE
*
B, Cp, O
Cache Valley virus
H B, O
California encephalitis virus
H R
Z
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
H A, B, C, L, O
Z
Hantaviruses (various serotypes)*
H R
Z
Jamestown Canyon virus
H Cv
Z
Φ
R
N
A
Akabane virus (Akabane/congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly)
Φ
Z
La Crosse virus (La Crosse encephalitis)
H Cp, Cv, R
Φ
Z
Nairobi sheep disease virus
H Cp, O, R
Φ
Z
Rift Valley fever virus
H B, C, Cp, F, O
Caliciviridae
Bovine enteric calicivirus
B
Canine calicivirus
B
Feline caliciviruses (upper respiratory disease)
F
Fowl calicivirus
Z
30 -38 nm
SS linear
Φ
A
Hepatitis E virus
H P
Noroviruses (Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses)
H
Porcine enteric calicivirus
P
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
L
San Miguel sea lion virus
Φ
Z
Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesicular exanthema)
Other, P
H B, Eq, NHP, P
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph;
R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases
3
E
Coronaviridae
Virus (Disease)
Humans Affected
(relative size)
SS = single stranded
DS = double stranded
Zoonotic (Z)
E: Enveloped
NE: Nonenveloped
R
N
A
Virus Family
Foreign Animal
Disease (for US)
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
Avian infectious bronchitis virus
A
Bovine coronavirus
B
Canine coronavirus
C
Feline enteric coronaviruses
F
Feline infectious peritonitis virus
Human coronaviruses (colds)
80 – 160 nm
SS linear
Φ
Φ
Z
F
H
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
P
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
P
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus
H F
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus
P
Turkey coronavirus (bluecomb disease)
R
N
A
E
Filoviridae
Animal
Species
Affected
A
Φ
Z
Ebola virus
H NHP
Φ
Z
Marburg virus
H NHP
790 – 970 X 80 nm
SS linear
R
N
A
E
Border disease virus
Flaviviridae
Φ
Φ
45 – 60 nm
SS linear
R
N
A
NE
Nodaviridae
Z
O
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viruses 1, 2
B
Classical swine fever virus (hog cholera)
P
Dengue virus
H NHP
Hepatitis C virus
H
Φ
Z
Japanese encephalitis virus
H A, P
Φ
Z
Louping ill virus
H A,B, C, Cp, Cv, Eq, O, P,R
Φ
Z
Murray valley encephalitis virus
H A, B, C, Eq
Φ
Z
Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
H R
Z
St. Louis encephalitis virus
H A, Eq
Φ
Z
Tick-borne encephalitis viruses (various subtypes)
H B, C, Cp, O, R
Φ
Z
Yellow fever virus
H NHP
Φ
Z
Wesselsbron virus
H B, Cp, O
Z
West Nile Virus (WNV) (West Nile fever)
H A, Eq
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (viral nervous necrosis)
Fish
30 nm
SS linear
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph;
R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases
4
E
Orthomyxoviridae
Virus (Disease)
Humans Affected
(relative size)
SS = single stranded
DS = double stranded
Zoonotic (Z)
E: Enveloped
NE: Nonenveloped
R
N
A
Virus Family
Foreign Animal
Disease (for US)
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
Infectious salmon anemia
Z
Z
Fish
Influenza virus A:
H
Avian influenza
H
Equine influenza
Z
Z
80 - 120 nm
SS linear segments
R
N
A
E
Paramyxoviridae
Φ
Z
150 – 300 nm
SS linear
Φ
Z
H
A, P
Human influenza
H
Fr, P
Influenza virus B: (human influenza)
H
Fr
Influenza virus C: (human influenza)
H
P
Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease)
H
A
A
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
B, O
Canine distemper virus
C, Fr
C
Hendra virus
H
Human parainfluenza viruses 1-4
H
H
Mumps virus
H
Nipah virus
H
Bt, C, Cp, Eq, F, O, P
Parainfluenza 3 virus
H
B, O
Respiratory syncytial virus
R
N
A
NE
Picornaviridae
Cp, O
B, Cp, O, P
Avian enteroviruses (encephalomyelitis, hepatitis)
A
Bovine enteroviruses
B
Bovine rhinoviruses
Z
28 - 30 nm
SS linear
Φ
Reoviridae
Z
Φ
Z
60 - 80 nm
DS linear segments
NHP, P, R
Eq
B, Ca, Cp, Cv, O, P
Human hepatitis A virus
H
NHP
Human rhinoviruses
H
Poliovirus
H
¥
Porcine enteroviruses (porcine enteroviral encephalomyelitis/
Teschen-Talfan disease)
Φ
NE
H
H¥
Foot and mouth disease virus
Z
R
N
A
B
Encephalomyelocarditis virus (encephalomyelocarditis)
Equine rhinoviruses 1, 2
Φ
NHP
H
Rinderpest virus
Φ
Bt, Eq, F
Measles virus
Peste de petitis ruminants virus
Φ
A, Eq, P
Swine influenza
Canine parainfluenza virus
Z
A, Eq, F, Fr, P
Eq
Avian paramyxoviruses 2-9
Φ
Animal
Species
Affected
Swine vesicular disease virus
P
H
P
African horse sickness viruses 1-10
Eq
Avian orthoreoviruses
A
Bluetongue viruses 1-24
B, Cp, Cv, O
Colorado tick fever virus
H
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses
Rotaviruses, group A to F (rotaviral gastroenteritis)
R
B, Cv, O
H
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph;
R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases
B, Eq, L, O, P, R
5
¥
Virus (Disease)
Humans Affected
(relative size)
SS = single stranded
DS = double stranded
Zoonotic (Z)
Virus Family
Foreign Animal
Disease (for US)
E: Enveloped
NE: Nonenveloped
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
Animal
Species
Affected
Unconfirmed mild human cases have been reported.
R
N
A
E
Avian leukosis virus
Retroviridae
A
Bovine immunodeficiency virus
B
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV)
B
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus
Cp, O
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIA)
Eq
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
F
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
80 – 130 nm
2 copies SS linear
F
Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2)
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - AIDS)
H
Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1, 2
H
Maedi-visna virus (ovine progressive pneumonia)
R
N
A
E
Rhabdoviridae
Φ
Cp, O
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma virus (pulmonary adenomatosis)
Cp, O
Simian immunodeficiency virus
NHP
Simian leukemia viruses 1-3
NHP
Bovine ephemeral fever virus
B
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN)
Z
Rabies
Fish
H All mammals
Spring viremia of carp
180 X 75 nm
SS linear
R
N
A
E
Φ
Togaviridae
Z
Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 1 and New Jersey subtypes)
H B, Cp, Eq, O, P
Z
Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 2 and 3 subtypes)
H B, Cp, Eq, O, P
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (Egtved disease)
Z
Z
70 nm
SS linear
Fish
Fish
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE)
H A, Bt, Eq, P, R
Rubella virus
H
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE)
H A, Eq, R
Spring viremia of carp
Z
Fish
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE)
H A, Eq
Chart researched and compiled by Kristine Edwards, MA, DVM, MPH; Anna Rovid-Spickler, DVM, PhD and Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH.
References:
Aiello SE, Mays A, editors. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 8th
Edition. Whitehouse Station, NJ; Merck and Co: 1998.
All the Virology on the WWW. Available at
http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/ATVGlossary.html
American Society for Virology. Available at
http://www.mcw.edu/asv/
Big Picture Book of Viruses. Available at
http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology.html
Flint SJ, Enquist LW, Racaniello VR, Skalka AM. Principles of
Virology, Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis and Control of
Animal Viruses. 2nd Edition. American Society of Microbiology,
2003. Princeton University, NJ.
Gelderblom HR. Structures and Classification of Viruses. 1996.
Medical Microbiology. Baron S, editor. Available at
http://www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [ICTV].
Universal Virus Database [onLine]. ICTV; 2002. Available at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/index.htm
Accessed May 2005.
MedBio World Virology. Available at
http://www.sciencekomm.at/both/assocdb/virology.html
Murphy FA. Gibbs EPJ, Horzinek MC, Studdert MJ. Veterinary
Virology, 3rd Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.; 1999.
The Journal of Virology. American Society of Microbiology.
Available at http://jvi.asm.org
The Virology Journal. Available at http://www.virologyj.com
Virus family graphics adapted with permission from Medical
Microbiology, 4th edition, Baron S., editor. 1996. Available at
http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/images/fig41_6.jpg
*This table was developed as a supplement for the CFSPH “Disinfection 101” document (http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRM/disinfectants.htm)
which provides an overview of important principles for the development of disinfection protocols, including how to choose an appropriate
disinfectant. We expect this virus table to be useful for veterinarians, veterinary students and graduate students in virology. The mammalian, avian
and fish viruses selected are those we perceive to be the ones veterinarians will most likely need to know about.
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph;
R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a Φ = Foreign Animal Diseases
6
7