Download WORLD HISTORY NOTES - Mater Academy Lakes High School

Foundations Unit
Development of Agricultural Civilizations
Central Africa
- Plantains, bananas, yams
North and South America
- Maize, beans, squash
India
- millet, barley (7000 B.C.E.)
China
- millet (6000 B.C.E)
South East Asia
- rice
Women played a big role in going from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
-
migratory
slash and burn
shifting
fertilizing, irrigation, mixed crops
Fermentations of grains (alcohol) discovered in Middle East near end of Neolithic.
Megalith- large standing stone structure for worshipping (Stonehenge)
Rise of Cities
-
Allow transfer of goods, ideas, and services.
Offer protection
Create specialization of labor
First cities 8000-7000 B.C.E.
-
First Cities
Jericho (West bank of Jordan River)
Catal Hiiyiik (Turkey)
Danpo (China, 4000-5000 B.C.E.)
-
Bronze Age
Started in China 4000-3000 B.C.E.
Continued 3500-1200 B.C.E.
End of the Neolithic Era
Ended around 1200 B.C.E. with discovery of Iron.
Plow was very important to rise of civilized society
Writing
-
First Sumerians (3500-3000 B.C.E)
Allowed preservation of knowledge
Few societies became civilized without writing (The Incans were an exception)
-
Elements of Society
social/political organization
agriculture
use of tools
use of cities
Major Societies, Kingdoms, and Empires to 1000 C.E. (ch. 3, pg. 57)
River Valley Civilizations
-Mesopotamia, Sumerian, Babylonian (Tigris and Euphrates River)
-Egypt
-Indus River
-Early China and Yellow River (Huang Ho River)
Early Civilizations were often composed of large groups loosely connected societies tied by common
language, culture, etc, that were often competitive much like modern western civilization.
Mesopotamia
- Greek term “land between waters”
- “Fertile Crescent”
- 3500-2350 B.C.E. –Sumerians
- 1900-1600 B.C.E. –Babylonians
- Tigris/Euphrates unpredictable, damns, dikes, ditches built as a result.
- Built cities (Babylon)
- Highly centralized society governed by ruling class.
- “legal”- big man
- First to develop written language in Western tradition.
- 3300 B.C.E. –script called cuneiform.
- Before 2000 B.C.E –Giglamesh Epic- Sumerian
- Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.E.)
*Babylonian
*Hammurabi‟s Code
*Harsh
*favored ruling laws
*systematic, consistent set of regulations rather then ruler‟s will govern society.
-Polytheistic
*temples
-built of clay
-ziggurats (pyramid-ish)
-base -60# system still used in time and navigation.
Egypt
-
3100 B.C.E.
King Menes united Upper (south) and Lower (North) Egypt
Early Dynastic Era (3100-25758 B.C.E)
Old Kingdom (2575-2134 B.C.E.)
Civil War occurred during First Intermediate Period (2134-2040 B.C.E)
Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 B.C.E) powerful, intellectual, culturally dominate
2nd Intermediate Period (1640-1532 B.C.E)
o Ruled by Hyjsos invaders
New Kingdom (ended 1070 B.C.E.)
o Active militarily (enslaved Jews)
Egyptian Accomplishments
-
hieroglyphics
pyramids
papyrus paper
irrigation
geometry
Egyptian Women
- 2nd to men
- Managed household/education of children
- Right to divorce/ alimony
-
Right to own property
Some managed businesses
Some were high priestesses
Queen Hatshepsut became Pharaoh
The Indus Valley (Harappan)
- Arabian Sea Coast (Pakistan, NW India)
- Arose around 2660 BCE
- Written language (not yet deciphered)
- Large, heavily urbanized
- Many cities (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro)
- Thought to be tightly unifies and centralized politically
- Produced metal tools
- Traded heavily
- Lasted until approximately 1900 BCE
- Cause for fall is unknown
-either environmental factors or outside invasion
China Yellow (Huang Ho) River
-
wheat, millet, rice
o rice required cooperative labor
-
bronze making
Dynasties
Shang (1750-1027 BCE)
-
-
-
led warrior aristocracy
fought barbarians on N & W
extensive trade (possibly with Middle East)
jade – ivory – silk
Chinese system of writing (pictograms) developed
2 most important aspects of Chinese religion
*fortune telling *ancestor worship
Zhou (Chou) (1027-221 B.C.E.)
founded when King Wu overthrew Shang
decline began ca 800 B.C.E.
*internal collapse
*civil wars
“Warring States” period (480 – 221 B.C.E.)
preserved technology and learning
ca 600 B.C.E., use of iron
central principal: Mandate of Heaven
-if ruler governed fairly, claim divine right
-Confucianism, Daoism emerged
The Celts
-no written language
-not united
-not considered civilized
-emerge central Europe (N of Danube)
*spread around 500 B.C.E.
(mostly to France, Spain, Great Britain)
-deep oral tradition (myths, folktales, songs)
- polytheistic (druids)
- metalworking
The Ancient Middle East (p.60)
The Hittites (ca 1700-1200 B.C.E.)
-very likely 1st group to systematically use iron weapons
- dominant in 1200‟s (B.C.E.) in Mesopotamia
Assyrians & Neo-Babylonians
-
1st true empire
Conquered neighbors (911-612 B.C.E.)
Army of 500,000 w/iron weapons & cavalry
Dominated most of Middle East
Deliberate policy of ruthlessness and cruelty
Ended by (haldeans (Neo-Babylonians)
-626-539 B.C.E.
-famous ruler Nebuchadnezzar (ca 605-562)
-Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Persians (550-331 B.C.E)
- last group to dominate ME politically before Alexander
- Cyrus the Great
- conquered present day Iran (550)
- Darius the Great (522-486)
*Turkey & Libya to border of India
*largest empire to date
Postal system
decentralized gov‟t
Road networks
(sutraps ruled in name of emperor)
Single currency
offered religion –Zoroastrianism
Religiously tolerant of most faiths
Hebrews
-
under Abraham, 1st monotheistic society
politically weak
enslaved by Egyptians (1400-1200 B.C.E.)
conquered by Assyrians (721 B.C.E.)
taken over by Neo-Babylonians (ca 587-539) B.C.E.)
strong religions/cultural legacy
Phoenicians & Lydians
Phoenicians
-settled in present-day Syria & Lebanon (1100 B.C.E.)
*cities of Tyre Sidon
- advanced economy (export of timber & dye)
Colonies in N. Africa (Carthage)
-1st alphabet when symbols represent sounds
*base of most Western languages
Lydians
-ca 600-500 B.C.E.
*1st use of metal coinage as currency
Greece & Rome (p.62)
-
laid political/intellectual foundations for W. society
Early Greece
Minoans (Crete) 200-1450 B.C.E.
Mycenaens (Mainland) 1450-1150 B.C.E.
-trading societies
Greek Dark Ages (1150-800 B.C.E.)
- unification of Greek culture (Hellenes)
- common language & religion
- low level of political/social development
- limited farm/land
- sea trade important
*resulted in trade of goods and spread of culture
*dominance of colonies
*powerful military
*sophisticated means of transportation/communications
Draco & Sol - aristocrats from Athens who helped create democracy & worked for fair, equal
participation
Athens – monarchy>aristocracy> democracy
^
^
^
Powerful more powerful
height of power
Greek City-States
- archaic period (ca 800-500 B.C.E.)
- Greek terrain (islands, mountains) prevented unity
- Dozens of independent, competing states
- City-states named polis (politics)
- Composed of citizens, free people with no political rights, non-cities (slaves)
City-States (Big ones)
*Athens – 1st democracy (after the Persian Wars)
- wealth through trade & power
- more had right to vote (not women or slaves)
- reached peak under Pericles (ca 461-429 B.C.E.)
- strong navy
- slavery in Athens allowed democracy by giving freemen time to participate in
Gov‟t.
Sparta- rigid, slave-holding dictatorship
-most effective/feared army
- fought Trojans
-slavery prevalent
- women had higher status than anywhere else
*Corinth
*Thebes
Classical Period & Age of Alexander the Great
Classical Period (ca 500-338 B.C.E.)
-two wars with Persians
- won because of Spartan/Athenian leadership
-competition between Sparta/Athens led in Golden Age
To Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)
-Sparta won
- all Greek city-states weakened
Age of Alexander
- weakened by Peloponnesian War, Greece invaded by Macedonians (Greekish
but not as advanced)
- Alexander (356 – 323 B.C.E.)
spread empire to Persian, Africa, border of India
preserve/spread Greek culture
Hellenic (Greek) Culture
-
known as Hellenism (from Hellas, Greek for Greece)
influenced by science (geometry, physics, math, astronomy)
celebration of life & humanism
literature
*Homer (poet)
*playwrights- Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripedes
philosophers
*Socrates (470-399) Pluto (428-347) Aristotle (384-322)
polytheistic (Note: Greek Gods were given human failings>humanism
Rome
Early History
509 B.C.E. –Romans rebelled against Etruscan rulers
Roman Republic-(509-31 B.C.E.)
* tensions between plebeians (lower class) & patricians (upper)
-plebeians gradually gained more rights, but were never equal
-twelve tables of Rome
-codified laws
-patriarchal family
-women had rights, but were thought inferior
-expansion
- Punic Wars (Carthage)
*214-169 BCE- Greece, Balkans, Asian/Egypt
*Civil Wars 91-30 BCE
- Republican government failed- dictators arose
( Julius Caesar 49-44 BCE)
Roman Empire
*31 BCE-476 CE
- 1st emperor Octavian- Caesar Augustus (30 BCE-14 CE)
- Emperors became despotic
- Rome‟s economic/ military power
- Rome expanded territory
Problems in the Empire
- 200s problems started
- 300s Empire split East and West
- Overexpansion of government military power cause problems in West
- Invasion by Barbarians
- 410 Rome sacked by Goths
- 476 Rome sacked again, empire fell
Roman Society
*citizens
- plebeians (lower)
- Patricians(upper)
-Government officials(more rights)
*non-citizens
-subjects with no civil rights
*slaves
-several revolts(Spartacus)
Rights of Women
-Women were thought to be inferior
*Republicans
-No rights
*End of Republic
-still “lower” sex
-right to divorce, economic rights(no revolts)
Roman Culture
*Preserved Hellenic philosophy, literature, scientific learning
*master builders and engineers
*built infrastructure (lasting until present)
*Roman law
*countries in Middle Ages and later attempted to Roman imperial unity (HRE)
*Christianity (E Empire)
-legal (313
-official religion (380)
-intellectual, cultural
China
200 BCE- 1st millennium CE
-Qin(Ch‟in)- 221-206 BCE
-Han- 206-220 CE
-Sui- 589-618 CE
-Tang- 618-906 CE
The Chin (Qin)
*The First Emperor- Shi Huangdi
-where the name “China” came from
-dictatorial, tightly centralized nation
-modernized Chinese army (bows, iron, cavalry)
-forced labor to build roads
-forced labor to begin structures of Great Wall of China
-legalism
*political
-strong emperor
-large bureaucracy
-handed down to other dynasties
Han Dynasty
*powerful, efficiently governed empire
-Emperor WuTi (140-87 BCE)
-expanded empire (N. Vietnam, Korea, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia)
-effective administration, postal service, taxes, roads, defensive fortifications,
Canals,(yellow and Yangtze)
-strong economy (agriculture, silk production)
-200 CE Han starts in(agriculture slump, government corruption, week leadership
Outside invasion
-collapsed 220 CE(very similar to Rome)
-many small, unimportant dynasties until 589 CE
-chaos/anarchy until 589
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Sui- 589- 618 C.E.
-reunified China
-Extensive military conquest
Tang-618- 906 C.E.
-extended Chinese rule (central Asia, SE Asia)
-forced Tibut, Korea, Vietnam, Japan into tributary ($ system)
-infrastructure
-strong economy
-trade with middle east through SE Asia and Indian ocean
-Silk Road
-peasant rebellions/military disasters in 800‟s caused the collapse
-collapsed in 906 C.E.
-China split into status, not united until 1200‟s
Central Asia
*Nomadic tribes
*may be ancestors of Indo-Europeans
-Aryans
-Hajkjk
-Mongols
-Magyars
-Tartars
-Seljuks
-ottomans
-Seythians
-Persians
Nara and Heian Japan
-Japanese state originated 200-300‟s BCE
Nara
-Yama to rogine headquatered in city of Nara
-300 or 400‟s CE
-300-794 BCE
-Contact with China and Korea
- Buddhism from China
-Chinese influences in art, architecture, literature, and religion
Heian
-imperial family moved capital to Kyoto to avoid Buddhists priests in Nara
-794-1185 CE
-peace, prosperity, cultural splendor
-polities dominated by Fujijkjk clan
-The Tale of Genji by Lady Muarasuki
-1000CE, golden age of pre-modern Japanese history
-decline in 1000‟s and 1100‟s from decadence and weak leadership. (fell 1185CE)
Classical India
*River valley civilization ended in 1900 BCE
-not considered “true” Indian (unclear matter)
*Indian culture started around 1500 BCE with invasions of North India by Aryans
Aryan Invasion
-Aryans from Persia and Central Asia
-one of earliest Indo-European groups
-principle Eurasian linguistic/ ethnic groups
-light-skinned Aryans conquered
-Established warrior society, enslaved Prauidians
-Eventually blended with prauidians to form “true” Indians
Characteristics of Indian culture enacted
-elite language, Sanskrit, for religions, literary, intellectual purposes
-Vedic and early Hindu Faiths
-caste system
-priests(Brahmins)
-warriors and political rulers
-commoners
-servants/peasants
-the “untouchables”
-became very complex and rigid, almost impossible to move from 1 caste to another
-led to tremendous degree of social rigidity and stratification persisting well into 20 th century
Mauryan Empire
-founded by Chandragupta Maurya
-1st Empire to unite nearly all of India
-Emperor Ashoka(269-232 BCE)
-warrior as youth
-became Buddhist advocating peace and tolerance
-admired for justice and wisdom
- tried to create harmony
-collapsed from attacks by outside enemies and economic problems
Gupta
-Hinduism became dominant-caste system reinforced
-women lost virtually all rights
-couldn‟t participate in sacred rituals or study religion
-urban society placed importune on inheritance of property resulting in child morning(6 or 7 year old
girls)
Gupta Empire
-after fall of Mauryan Empire, in 184 BCE, India was in political disunity
-320CE-550CE
-controlled most of North and Central India
-Hindu rulers practiced religions toleration
-collapsed from outside pressure(from NW)
-from 550CE until after 1000CE, India was decentralized
-then, Muslim invaders moved into Indian subcontinental and greatly influenced Indian culture and
politics
-collapsed from invasion by white hans
Byzantium (p. 69)
- formed w/ split of Roman Empire 395 CE
- Constantinople important crossroads b/w Europe, Middle East, and Asia
- blend of Greek and Roman culture
- cradle/ pressures of Christianity
- Emperor Justinian 500s:
*codified Roman Laws
* art & culture
* Constantinople underwent architectural changes
- Hagia Sophia built
- Religious art (icon) paintings of Saints, Christ, Mary
* more territory
- reclaimed much of former W Roman Empire
- power went down in the 1000‟s due to increase in Muslim power
- fell 1453 to Ottoman Turks
Major Belief Systems Through 600
Polytheism- many Gods
Impact:
-Rise of priestly class
-Rigid social structure
-people get used to being ruled
-same civilizations but collective Gods for each city (Greece, Sumer)
-seen as d,.,,, on earth and in heavens (battles han cities)
-validity to state‟s claim for predominance with military success
Confucianism- China 400 on…(widely practiced)
-NOT a religion- it‟s a political/social philosophy
-Created by Confucius- education/political advisor who was strong-willed and disagreed with state
too much risk far
-Many followers- some helped teach
- thoughts and sayings recorded in Analects
-Deals with question of how to restore social/political order (China didn‟t have at times)
*Five fundamental relations: when each person fulfills obligations in all, society is orderly
-Ruler and subject
-And child
-husband and wife
-id and younger brother
-friend and friend
-junzi-individuals considered superior because they‟re educated, conscientious, and able to put
personal ambition aside for good at state
-Ren- Humanity, kindness, benevolence
-Li- Propriety, courtesy, respect, deference to elders
-Xaio- Filial Piety (respect for family obligation, including extended family)
-Confucius thought: People would lead by example this way
*believed in exercise of Enlightenment leadership
*Believed not in particular political system but instead running existing well
*Under Confucianism, women respected by kids but relegated to secondary role.
Impact: Only in China
-Survived because it was flexible with religions
-resulted in distinct Chinese culture with right-knit society when members had
duties/responsibilities in community from birth to death.
Taoism: China-500
-Dao (Tao) is way of nature, way of cosmos
-founded by Lao-Tzu (Chinese philosopher)
-based on elusive concept regarding on eternal principle governing all workings of world.
-Dao is passive and yielding
-ambition/activism only bringing chaos
-wawel- “Doctrine of Disengagement” from world
-simple life in harmony with nature
-priests used magic to influence spirits
Impact of Daoism
-Advocates formation of small, self sufficient communities (Counterbalance to Confucius
activism)
-promoted scientific discovery
-added to complexity/uniqueness of China
Legalism
-China, Qin Dynasty (Same time as Conf, Daoism)
-Believed peace and order achievable only through centralized, rightly governed state.
-didn‟t trust human nature, liked tough laws
-harsh punishment, strong central government, unquestioned authority
-focused on things that were focused on sustaining society (farming/military)
Impact
-unification of China, Great Wall
-widespread resentment
-widespread acceptance of Conf. and Daoism.
Hinduism
-Aryans and Indians
*One supreme force (Brahma) Creator of all things
-Gods all manifestations of Brahma
Vishnu (The Preserver)
Shiva (The Destroyer)
-Life goal: to merge with Brahma
-Who you are is because of who you were
*Dharma- Rules and obligations of cast you were born into
*Ultimate goal: moksha-highest state of being
-perfect internal peace and release of soul
*Vedas and Upanishads- Sources of prayer, verse, and descriptions
Impact of Hinduism
-Caste system
-Acceptance- If your not happy, follow Dharma and you‟ll move up
-close identity with caste system promoted spread elsewhere
-later spread Buddhism.
Buddhism
-Eastern-India, China, SE Asia
-founded by Hindu prince- Siddhartha Gautana
-Nepalese (563-483 BCE)- rejected $ to search
-became Buhha(Enlightened one) for variety of human after modifitity under second Bodhi tree
-no supreme being-four noble truths
-all life is suffering -suffering caused by desires
-can be freed of desire
-by following 8fold path
-Eightfold path: right :views aspirations speech
-conduct, livelihood, endeavor, mindfulness, meditation
-following-nirvana- state of perfect peace and harmony
-may take several lifetimes to achieve
-anyone can achieve, regardless of states(vs caste system)
-after Buddha‟s death(483 BCE) split occurred
Theravada(Hinayana)
Mahayana
“way of the elders”
-complicated
“the lessen vehicle”
-lots of rituals
-meditation
-appealed to people who thought Buddha didn‟t
-simplicity
Offer enough spiritual content
Impact of Buddhism
-didn‟t recognize social hierarchies, appealed to members of lower rank
-doesn‟t apply to social structures, spread rapidly
-spread rapidly by Ashoka, but India went back to Hinduism
Judaism
-Hebrews
-believe God selected them, if they follow his laws, worship him, remain faithful, they would be
preserved for all time
-follows a few religions traditions
-belief in afterlife- set of traditions/doctrines
-philosophy-personal salvation
-believe enacted by god and live in world enacted by personal, all-good, sovereign(monotheistic) god
who enacted world for humans to live in and enjoy and exercise free will
-Torah
-destiny in paradise, reached with divine help
-task of humans is to honor/serve god by following laws of moses, promote ethics of prophets,
maintain identity of people
-religion and societal custom
-first monotheistic religion
Christianity
-Jesus of Nazareth
-taught devotion to god and love for humans
-Romans and Jewish leaders didn‟t buy it
-30CE, Jesus crucified, Christianity born
-appealed to leave classes and women
Big Idea
-religions began to become concerned with internal peace rather than bodily protection as they
began to understand nature
600-1450
Early Medieval Europe
-“Middle Ages” – 500 – 1500ish
*500 – 1000 – “Dark Ages”
Barbarian Invasions
- numerous invasions from N & E
- Germaine
- Saxons, Anglos, Goths
- Asiatic
-Mongols, Magyars (Hungarian)
- formed unsophisticated kingdoms
- transformation from nomadic to civilized played crucial role in development of European outside
states
Feudalism
- political system resulting from lack of centralized power after fall of Rome
- Manorialism – economic system
- Lords granted land (fiefs) to vassles in exchange for profits and military service
- Serfdom – use of unfree peasant labour to harvest land – similar to slavery
Early Nation-States
- formed by unity of ethnic, linguistic, cultured heritage
Holy Roman Empire
- Charlemagne (768 – 814 CE)
- King of Franks
Early Islam & the Caliphates
Origins of Islam
- Mohammed (570 – 632) formed in Mecca
- Arabic is holy language
- 622, moved to Medina (Hegina)
- Muslims aggressively converted Arabians into Muslims
- Spread throughout Arabian by Muhummed‟s death (632)
Expansion
- Islamic leaders after Muhammed – caliphs (sucessors)
- Vicious civil war b/w caliphs 656 – 661
- Muslim armies conquered much b/w 600-700
- Destroyed Sassamied Empire (Persia)
- weakened Byzantium by taking land
- conquered Middle East, N. Africa, S. Spain, Central Asia, Indian border lands (Pakistan)
Caliphates
- Muslims considered political community identical to religious one – all ruled by Caliph
- Umayyad (661 – 750)
- Abbasid (750 – 1258)
Ummayid Caliphate
- capital Damascus (Syria)
- 661 – 750
- Conquered much of N Africa and Asian Minor
- Favored Arabs, mistreated non-Arabs
* Led to split in Islam (Sunni, Shiite)
- Overthrown by rebellions
Abbasid Caliphate
- 750 – 1258
- Capital in Baghdad
- Allowed non-Arab Muslims equal treatment
- Golden age of Islam
- Caliph Haram al-Rashid (776 - 809)
- Ruled from Spain to border of India (Pakistan)
- Great science, literature, math compared to Europe
- Goes down in 1000‟s
Bantu Africa, Nubia & Ghana
Bantu
- Linguistically based group that most resembles common cultural source in Sub-Saharan Africa
Nubia
Nubia
-
Emerged on Niger R. Basin (W-Central Africa)
1000 CE, descendants spread to S & E Africa
Played great role in developing Africa‟s (Sub-Saharan) cultural, linguistic, ethnic
Spread knowledge of agric. & iron working to S & E Africa
Swazi, Sotho, Tswana, Shanu, Nebela, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu
Dependant on cattle for wealth
& Ghana
1st Major African civilizations not counting Egypt
5 of Egypt, links Sub-Saharan w/ Med-Sen
Important trade-center, gold
Kingdom of Kush c. 1750 BCE
Largely dominated by Egyptian New Kingdom for 500 years
Empire created at Meroe in 8th cent. BCE, collapsed 2nd century
* Big on trade of iron & wood products
* collapsed as a result of changing trade on Red Sea & Soil Erosion (deforestation)
Ghana
- “Land of Gold” – Atlantic Coast
* 500‟s CE
* Trans-Saharan trade network
* Expanded to NW Africa over 500 years
* Major supplier of gold to Europe 1200s
* Koumbi Saleh – Muslim trade down
* Iron & copper very important trade to Africans
- Caravaned across Sahara
* Ecological & Demographic conditions weakened Ghana – decrease in food
production, increase in population, avid envir.
* Fell to Muslim conquest – sort of
-Racked by Holy War and then fell
Early Americas
Mexico & Central
- civilizations appeared around 1200‟s BCE
- each culture passed on traits to next
Olmec (c 1200 – 400 BCE)
- East-Central (Gulf Coast)
- “Mother of Civilization” for Central America
- Art (big stone heads), architecture, religion impact on later peoples
- Polytheistic, urban society, irrigation, writing, calendar
Teotihuacan
- largest city in Mexico (pop. 200,000)
- founded 150 – 100 BCE near present day Mexico City
- eclipsed over by Maya‟s 750 CE
Maya
- 250 – 400 CE
- Territory is present-day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize & Southern Mexico
- No single nation, independent city-states & rival kingdoms
- Elaborate religion derived partly from Olemc and Teot.
Human sacrifice – worship serpent gods
Jaguar deities
Huge Pyramids (Chichen Itza)
Ritual Ball game
- Excellent Astronomers & Mathematicians
- Disease/ Envir. Factors brought about decline
- Finished off by war in 900‟s
Toltec
- 968 – 1156 CE
- Created large state by means of aggression
- Conquered by invaders from North
Andean Societies in South America
- 1st City in Americas, Canal (Peru), 2600 BCE
- Weaving, pottery, metalworking
- Heavily urbanized societies that were socially gratified
- Domesticated llama
- Polytheistic
- Societies:
Chouin
Mocho
Tiahanaco and Huari
China
North American Cultures
-Adena (500 B.C.E-100 C.E.)
-Hopewell (100-400)
-Mississippian (700-1500)
*All Three in Ohio/Mississippi River Valleys
*loose confederations
*few large urban centers (Cahokia)
*giant earth mammals (ceremonial)
-Anasazi
-700 B.C.E SW
-elaborate cliff dwellings
Cultural Diffusion: 200-600
-trade routes flourished
-merchants would spend nights with different pastoral communities, spread culture
-merchants/invaders spread:
Disease:
-Mongols- Black Death in China
-Rome and China: Measles and smallpox
Religion
- Buddhism-East and South Eastern Asia
- Christianity- Europe- 600, Britain
-
Entire groups on the move
-Angles and Saxons in Britain
-Hans in India
-China and East Asia unaffected on large scale.
Islam
-Mohammad- Mecca(630)- Medina(622)
-Qu‟ran
-5 pillars
-Hijna
-Ka‟ba
Muhammad died 632-Abu Bahr takes over
Caliphus-Abu Bahr, Ures, Uthman, and Ali
Umayyad Dynasty
-Damascus
-favored Arabs
-Standard monetary unit(gold/silver)
-“encouraged” people to be Muslim(non-Muslims paid a tax)
-732, Iberian Peninsula, S Italy
-Charles Mantel, stopped Muslim advance to Paris
-Shiite/Suri split
(battle of tours)
-liked Arabs
Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)
-Golden age- 800‟s
-Baghdad
-big on trade-established credit system
-steel
-medicine-Mohammad al-razi, red. Enciclopedia
-math stuff they got from India; algebra
-preserved Western Culture!
-translated Greek/Roman texts to Arabic
-Levant-Syria, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon
-Christians found their new staff in Levant during Crusades
-similar to Romans in that tolerant of conquered peoples(persecuted Jesus/Christians)
-very flexible religion
-emphasized personal relationship with Allah, not ritualistic, very adaptable
-Sufis- mystic Islamics-good missionaries
Women and Islam
-prior to Islam women in Arabia:
-viewed ad property
-little or no rights
-lost downy in divorce
-female infanticide
After Qu‟ran (651-652)
-remained subservient, but with dignity
-considered equal before Allah
-kept downy in divorce
-men could have four wives as long as they provided will and treated equally
-legally treated unfairly
-veiled in public-began with Mesopotamia and Persia, Islam adopted/ adapted
-duty was to family-well protected within family
-more respected than before
Fall of Islamic Empire
-endured many internal struggles
-not cause for fall though
-1258, Mongols arrive, sack Baghdad
-smart people fled to Egypt
Europe and the Byzantines
Review- 286- Rome splits
-313-Christianity accepted
-330- Constantine converts- reunites empire
-395- split again (Byzantine)
-1054- Christianity splits (Catholicism, E orthodox)
The Byzantines
-Greek language
-stable currency
-highly centralized/secularized
-orthodox Christianity
-distinctive architectural
-absolute rule, especially with economy
-used silk producing techniques from China
-monopolized
-Justinian- 527-65- Codified laws
-flourishing of arts/sciences
-Russia went largely unaffected by reformation-then Russian citizens lack tradition/example of
questioning authorities as much as westerners docs treatment of women have to do with progress in
civilizing (converting form hunter-gatherer to fixed society)
Orthodox Church
-ruled by secular leader, not Pope
-allowed use of vernacular, not Latin
-disagreed with Catholics over ……..priests worrying, use at vernacular
-very non centralized, more adaptive
-allowed local ancestors to merge with Christianity
Middle Ages
West
-centralized power with
Pope and small feudal kingdoms
East
political unity (secular with religion attached)
Impact of Orthodoxy in Russia: Feast in the East
- 9th Century: St. Cyril (For Your Eyes Only)
used Greek Alphabet to create Slavic language
converted Slavs from outside Byzantine (areas not ruled by, but influenced by
Byz.)
- Vladimir- Kievan prince – converted to Orthodoxy „cuz he could ead what he wanted, when he
wanted, adaptive!
- Russia went Orthodox, followed Byzantine (Persian, Greek, Romanish, Eastern European)
traditions w/ Mongol influence = Russia is different from other superpowers who followed
Roman tradition.
The Franks vs. the Muslims
- Franks – Germanic tribe
united under King Clovis in 5th cent.
Converted to Catholicism
Capital in Paris
Empire divided b/w sons after death
Solidified people of W. Europe under common culture
Easy to unify against Muslims (Charles Martel, defeated Muslims in Battle of
Tours)
- Carolingian Dynasty
Charles Martel
son of Pepin, had succession certified by Pope, not cool
son of Charlemagne
962, HRE, Otto the Great
Charlemagne didn‟t levy taxes, made empire weaker
Treaty of Verdan 843, empire split b/w Charlemagne‟s grandson‟s
Vikings & Magyars invaded several times, but converted to Christianity
Recurring trend of invaders merging w/ civilization & merging into common one
in WE based on religion
Feudalism
- Vassals – lesser lords
- Fiefs – estates granted to vassals
- Three-field system
- “Great Clearing” – clearing of forests for farmland during Middle Ages
- Agricultural surpluses created specialization of labour (much like ancient civilizations)
- Code of Chivarly
- Prigmogeniture
* Women had few rights, viewed as property
- serfs (Peasants)
Arabs (Abbassid Caliphate) very worldly
Feudal Europeans very provincial
- Bangkars – middle class merchants
- Hanseatic League
Big Idea: As food production increased, people became skilled in other trades, which
led to urbanization cities becoming interdependent which leads to nationhood
-
Crusades
Heresies
Scholasticism
Pope Innocent III, strict doctrine, unsuccessful 4th crusade, short-lived Latin Empire
Pope Gregory IX, Inquisition
Universal Church, Church Militant
Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica
Faith, reason not in conflict
Nation-States
Germany
- Not unified
- Hanseatic League
- HRE
England
- William the Conquereor
- Magna Carta
France
- 987, King Hugh Capet rules small area around Paris
- French territory expanded over couple 100 years
- England ruled lots of France
- Joan of Arc, Battle of Orleans
- Hundred Years‟ War (1337 – 1453)
- Bourbons (Louis IX)
Spain
- Ferdinand and Isabella, 1469
- Reconquista
- Inquisition
Russia
- 1242, succumb ot Tartans
- Princess of Muscovy
- Ivan III, Czar, 3rd Rome
- Ivan the Terrible
China
- T‟ang begins ruling 618
- Emperor Xuanzong
- 907, too big, collapses
- 960, Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizu
- Long period of peace & prosperity (Golden Age)
- Fall to Jarchem  fall to Mongols
- 1279 Mongols establish Yuan Dynasty
- 1368 Ming Dynasty, traditional Chinese rule
-T‟ang was big on poetry
-Song developed printing press (encyclopedia, dictionary…)
-stability in China due to civil service
-paper money, credit
-infrastructure
- 600-1200 population up due to intro of Champs rice (fast ripening) from Vietnam
- Iron production is up, gun powder, compass, jurks(ships)
Women in China
- 1st empress (T‟ang) Wa Zhao
- Foot binding
- Very much like feudal European beliefs (weaker sex, possessism)
Religion in China
- Influenced by many after fall of Han
- -Nestrorians
- Manicheans
- Zoroastrians
Japan
-
Islam
Buddhism won
-Confucianists thought that it drained treasury and work pool
-Daoists saw it as rival
Mid 800‟s Emperor Wuzong persecuted Buddhists, destroyed monostaries, influence went
down
400‟s Yamato clan (all emperors came from)
Shintoism – “the way of the Gods”
Kami – nature, way of nature
Goal is to become part of kami by following rituals
Yamato clan claims emperor is descendent of sun goddess  divinely appointed (sound
familiar?)
Influence from China
- 522 Buddhist missionaries arrive, bring Chinese culture
- Buddhism spread but people were Shinto at the same time
- early 7th century, Prince Shotoku adopts bureaucratical, legal reforms from T‟ang, Chinese influence
is up
- enacted after his death, Taika Reforms 645
- Japan wasn‟t a Little China, rejected Confucianism because in Japan it was about birth, not ability
The Fujiwara: At home in Heian
- 794, capitol moved to Heian (From Nara)
- Aristocratic influence is up
- Fujiwara ruled with emperor as figurehead
- Golden age under Fujiwara (especially lit.)
- Aristocrats gained more and more power  feudalism (same time as Europe, but
independently)
Japanese Feudalism
- 1192, Yoritomo Miramoto appointed Shogun (chief general) ruled with emperor as figurehead
- Below below Shogun, daimyo, huge landowners, (like European lords), hierarchy band by land
– for loyalty exchange
- Code of Bushide
- Japanese women lost all freedom
Compare and Contrast: Japanese and European Feudalism
- similar in political and social structure, human code
- different in legal arrangement and treatment of women
- Europe feudal was a contract, in Japan it was understanding associated with birth rank
- Both systems were based on culture
India
-
Muslim invasions of NW India (Pakistan) began in 700‟s
1000, Muslims invade India
1022, Afghan warlords annexed Indian province of Punjap
1206, capture Delhi
The Delhi Sultanate
- established 1206
- ruled by Muhammad Ghuri (assass. 1206)
- ruled by sultan Iltutrisk
- introduced Islam to India
- Muslims didn‟t like Hinduism
- Reached height under Muhammad ibn Tughluq (1323-37)
- Began shrinking afterwards (sontarme states broke away)
- Many Hindus converted, some persecuted
- Some Hindu shrines destroyed
-
Built mosques, universities
Women treated better
S. India most likely remained Hindu
Part of Abbasid Caliphate until Baghdad sacked (1258)
Mongol invasion 1398 – Timur Lang
Sacked Delhi, left 1399
Sultanate restored but weak
1520‟s succumbed to new invaders from North
The Mongols
- nomadic cavalrymen
- internal problems (disunity) prevented earlier growth
- early 1200‟s, Genghis Khan united Mongols, he was a superb organizer and military leader
- no culture just language and violent traditions
- 1234, Genghis led invasion of China
- Split into hordes
- Golden Horde in Russia
- Kublai Khan in China
- Didn‟t allow Mongols to mix with Chinese
- 1279 Yuan Dynasty
- 1368 booted out, Ming Dynasty had traditional Chinese rule
- Invasions characterized by violence followed by prosperity (Pax Mongolica)
- 1258, sacked Baghdad  Islam went to Egypt
- Mongols mixed with Muslims
Impact of Mongols
- allowed other people‟s cultures to spread
- by 1450 most of Eurasia linked by trade from unity under Mongols
- made Russia different from Europe
- Russians always looked East until Pyota Veliky
- Magyars in Hungary, Fins, Estonians
Developments in Africa
- Egypt
- Carthage and Phoenician colony
- Punic Wars
East Africa
Kush
- same time as Egypt
- S. Nile, Red Sea area
- Conquered Egypt ca. 750 B.C.E.
- Less than 100 years later, went back to Capitol (Meroe)
- Meroe – Iron works and trade
- Went into decline ca. 200 C.E.
Axam
-
Gulf of Aden, Red Sea coast (Ethiopia)
Never conquered – traded gold and ivory a lot
4th century – Christianity
7th century – Islam
Illustrates how they were constantly in contact with other cultures
West Africa
Ghana (800-1000)
- lots of gold
- met Muslims in Sahara looking for NaCl
- brought Islam to Mali
- subjected to Holy War
- defeated Islamic forces but too weak to continue
Mali
-
Mausa Musa built capitol at Timbuktu
1307 – pilgrimage  Mecca brought a lot of people to gold
Songhai
- mid-fifteenth century
- Sonni Ali conquered everyone (including Mali)
- Lasted until about 1600
- Major culture center with university that drew lots of Islamic scholars
African Arts
- bid on oral literature
- sculpture from pottery and broze
- Benin culture (near Nigeria) mastered bronze sculpting
1450-1750
The Safavid Empire
- 1501, 15 year old named Ismail gained control of Persia, took title of shah, established
Safavid empire
- Fafavids were strict Shiites, Ismail ( died in 1526) and decendents converted pop. To Shiite
- Safavids fought neighbors (Ottomans, Uzbecs, C Asia)
- Turned itself into gun powder empire (Ottoman, Mughah)
- Most famous shah, Abbas I the Great (1587-1628) created effective army w/ traditional
aristocratic calvalry and slave infantry (like janissaries)
- Also known as culturally/intellectually tolerant ruler
- Abbas moved capital to Isfahan
- Produced rugs, ceramic tiles, metal work
- Monopoly on silk trade
- Declined in 1600‟s and 1700‟s
- No money, hurt economy and military
- 1722, invaded by Afghans, 1723 fell altogether
The Ottoman
- Osmen Bey unified Turks in Anatolia
- Captured Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453
- Originally religiously tolerant
- Became less so as they expanded
- Janissaries
- Selim I (1512 came to power)
- Expanded territory
- Claimed he was heir to caliphs
- Saleiman I the Magnificent (1520-1566)
- Built up military
- Encouraged the nuts
- Siege of Vienna, 1529 and 1683
- Defeated by HRE and Polish King Jan Sobieski
Russia
-
Moscow became 3rd Rome with fall of Constantinople
1480, Ivan III refused to pay tribute to the Mongols
Czar Ivan IV (Ivan the terrible)
1560‟s reign of terror
1580 killed his kid
Time of Troubles
Pyotr
-
1613 Michael Romanov elected Czar by feudal lords
Used Cossacks to expand east
Veliky 1682 – 1725
westernized Russia
“window to the West”
Peter III pulled Russian army out of Prussia in 7 yrs war
Catherine the Great (1762 – 1796)
- repressed serfdom
- limited growth in merchant class
- somewhat enlightened rule
- enlightened policies of education and western culture
- west expansion and southern expansion to Black Sea
India
-
1526, Babur, Mughal Empire
Akbar, 1556 – 1605
Religious toleration
Nearly 100 years Muslim/Hindu peace
Shah Jahan – taj Mahal
Religious persecution again
1661 British East India Trading Company
1750 India‟s not feeling too threatened
China
-
Zeng He exploration
16th century, exploration stops, Ming is in to for other reasons
Pirates, Portugese in Marcao
17th century famines and peasant revolts
1644 Manchus
Kangxi (1662 – 1722) “enlightened” Chinese style
Qianlong (1735-1795) supported arts and culture
1757 trade restricted to Canton
Japan
- 16th century series of shoguns, feudalism began to decline, centralized government emerged
and coincided with Japanese exposure to West
- 1600 Tokngawn Shagunate
- Isolationist policy enforced
- Edo period
- 1635 national Seelusion Policy
Industrial Revolution
- began in Britain
- enclosure acts
- domestic system
- 1733- John Kay, flying shuttle
- 1764 John Hargreaus, spinning jenny
- 1793 Eli Whitney, cotton gin
- 1769 James Watt steam engine
- 1867 Robert Fulton steamship
- 1820‟s George Stephanson, steam powered locomotive
- Factory system
- Eli Whitney‟s interchangeable parts
- Henry Ford‟s assembly line
- Mercantilism
- Luddites- Enlgish (radical) anti-factory group
- Facotry Act of 1883
- Woman‟s rights
-
1833- slavery outlawed
Labor unions, social mobility
Social Darwinists, Ripling, “White Man‟s Burden”
European Imperialism in India
- 1750‟s, 7 years war – Britain wins
- British East India Company, Robert Clive
- 1857, Sepoy Mutiny (beef/pork grease)
- 1858, India‟s a British colony
- Bahador Shak II exhiled
- 1877, Victoria is Empress of India
The Atlantic Slave Trade
- 1441, Portugese began shipping slaves to Europe
- -1542, Encomienda system abolished because Catholics didn‟t like the system, it killed to
many for big labor source
- Sugar production labor intensive
- 275000 slaves in 1500‟s (2,000 more per year on)
- 1600‟s, a million slaves
- 1700‟s, 6 million slaves
- About 12 million total
- Death rate on Middle Passage went down from 25% to 10% for economic reasons