Download Response

Chapter 45
Hormones and the
Endocrine System
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 45-2a Next to
each type of
signaling, explain
whether it triggers
a response in the
cells that secrete
them, neighboring
cells, or cells
anywhere in the
body.
Blood
vessel
Response
(a) Endocrine signaling
Response
(b) Paracrine signaling
Response
(c) Autocrine signaling
Fig. 45-2b Compare and contrast the two types of signaling.
Synapse
Neuron
Response
(d) Synaptic signaling
Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
vessel
(e) Neuroendocrine signaling
Response
Fig. 45-5-2 Suppose
you were studying a
cell’s response to a
particular hormone,
and you observed that
the cell continued to
respond to the
hormone even when
treated with a chemical
that blocks
transcription. What
could you surmise
about the hormone
and its receptor?
Fat-soluble
hormone
Watersoluble
hormone
Transport
protein
Signal receptor
TARGET
CELL
Cytoplasmic
response
OR
Signal
receptor
Gene
regulation
Cytoplasmic
response
(a)
NUCLEUS
(b)
Gene
regulation
Fig. 45-6-2 Fill in the missing information.
Adenylyl
cyclase
G protein-coupled
receptor
GTP
Second
messenger
Protein
kinase A
Fig. 45-7-2 How do steroid hormone receptors directly regulate gene expression?
Hormone
(estradiol)
Estradiol
(estrogen)
receptor
Plasma
membrane
Hormone-receptor
complex
DNA
Vitellogenin
mRNA
for vitellogenin
Fig. 45-8-2 How can the same hormone have different effects on cells?
Same receptors but different
intracellular proteins (not shown)
Different receptors
Epinephrine
Epinephrine
Epinephrine
 receptor
 receptor
 receptor
Glycogen
deposits
Glycogen
breaks down
and glucose
is released.
(a) Liver cell
Vessel
dilates.
(b) Skeletal muscle
blood vessel
Vessel
constricts.
(c) Intestinal blood
vessel
Fig. 45-9 What hormone is responsible for the reabsorption of the tadpoles’ tail? What role does that hormone play in animals?
(a)
(b)
Fig. 45-10 Highlight the glands and organs involved in regulating metabolism. Circle glands and organs involved in reproduction.
Major endocrine glands:
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Organs containing
endocrine cells:
Thymus
Heart
Adrenal
glands
Testes
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Kidney
Kidney
Small
intestine
Ovaries
Fig. 45-12-5 Compare
and contrast the pathway
taken when the blood
glucose level is too high or
low.
Body cells
take up more
glucose.
Insulin
Beta cells of
pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it
as glycogen.
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
rises.
Blood glucose
level declines.
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
falls.
Blood glucose
level rises.
Alpha cells of pancreas
release glucagon.
Liver breaks
down glycogen
and releases
glucose.
Glucagon
Fig. 45-13-3 Why is PTTH names a
neurohormone? Highlight the gland it
triggers and explain the resulting pathway
triggered by the production of PTTH.
Brain
Neurosecretory cells
Corpus cardiacum
PTTH
Corpus allatum
Low
JH
Prothoracic
gland
Ecdysone
EARLY
LARVA
Juvenile
hormone
(JH)
LATER
LARVA
PUPA
ADULT
Fig. 45-14 How are the roles of the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and anterior pituitary glands related?
Cerebrum
Pineal
gland
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Pituitary
gland
Hypothalamus
Spinal cord
Hypothalamus
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
Table 45-1b Pick 1-2 hormones from this table. Highlight the names under the hormone column. Justify why its regulation is
critical to human survival.
Table 45-1c Pick 1-2 hormones from this table. Highlight the names under the hormone column. Justify why its regulation is critical
to human survival.
Table 45-1d The amount of melatonin produced by the pineal gland is regulated by the amount the light/dark cycles. If melatonin
production increases as the evening goes on, why would the pineal gland make more in the winter than in the summer?
Fig. 45-15 How are these
hormones different than
those in figure 45.17?
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory
cells of the
hypothalamus
Axon
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
HORMONE
ADH
Oxytocin
TARGET
Kidney tubules
Mammary glands,
uterine muscles
Fig. 45-16 Explain why
this is a positive feedback
mechanism.
Pathway
Example
Stimulus
Suckling
+
Sensory
neuron
Positive feedback
Hypothalamus/
posterior pituitary
Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
vessel
Target
cells
Response
Posterior pituitary
secretes oxytocin ( )
Smooth muscle in
breasts
Milk release
Fig. 45-17 What two types of signals are triggered by the hypothalamus?
Tropic effects only:
FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH
Neurosecretory cells
of the hypothalamus
Nontropic effects only:
Prolactin
MSH
Nontropic and tropic effects:
GH
Hypothalamic
releasing and
inhibiting
hormones
Portal vessels
Endocrine cells of
the anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Pituitary hormones
HORMONE
FSH and LH
TSH
ACTH
Prolactin
MSH
GH
TARGET
Testes or
ovaries
Thyroid
Adrenal
cortex
Mammary
glands
Melanocytes
Liver, bones,
other tissues
Fig. 45-18-3 Suppose a lab test of
two patients, each diagnosed with
excessive thyroid hormone
production, revealed elevated levels
of TSH in one but not the other. Was
the diagnosis of one patient
necessarily incorrect? Explain.
Pathway
Example
Stimulus
Cold
Sensory
neuron
–
Hypothalamus secretes
thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH )
Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
vessel
–
Negative feedback
Anterior pituitary secretes
thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH
or thyrotropin )
Thyroid gland secretes
thyroid hormone
(T3 and T4 )
Target
cells
Response
Body tissues
Increased cellular
metabolism
Fig. 45-19 How are iodine levels related to the formation of a goiter?
High level
iodine
uptake
Normal
iodine
uptake
Compare and contrast the two pathways that regulate blood calcium levels.
Fig. 45-21a The adrenal medulla and cortex are involved in the stress response. Label the two structures in terms of whether it is
involved in short term or long term stress response.
Stress
Spinal cord
Nerve
signals
Releasing
hormone
Nerve
cell
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
ACTH
Adrenal
medulla
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
Fig. 45-21b Fill in the missing information.
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
(a) Short-term stress response
Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine:
1.
2. Increased
3. Increased
4. Increased
5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to
alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and
reproductive system activity
Fig. 45-21c
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
(b) Long-term stress response
Effects of
mineralocorticoids:
Effects of
glucocorticoids:
1.
1.
2.
blood
volume and blood
pressure
2. Possible suppression of
immune system *
*prostaglandins promote pain, inflammation, fever, protects stomach lining. NSAIDS inhibit
enzymes that produce prostaglandins. So too much NSAIDS = weak stomach lining = ulcer