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Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 45-2a Next to each type of signaling, explain whether it triggers a response in the cells that secrete them, neighboring cells, or cells anywhere in the body. Blood vessel Response (a) Endocrine signaling Response (b) Paracrine signaling Response (c) Autocrine signaling Fig. 45-2b Compare and contrast the two types of signaling. Synapse Neuron Response (d) Synaptic signaling Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel (e) Neuroendocrine signaling Response Fig. 45-5-2 Suppose you were studying a cell’s response to a particular hormone, and you observed that the cell continued to respond to the hormone even when treated with a chemical that blocks transcription. What could you surmise about the hormone and its receptor? Fat-soluble hormone Watersoluble hormone Transport protein Signal receptor TARGET CELL Cytoplasmic response OR Signal receptor Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response (a) NUCLEUS (b) Gene regulation Fig. 45-6-2 Fill in the missing information. Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor GTP Second messenger Protein kinase A Fig. 45-7-2 How do steroid hormone receptors directly regulate gene expression? Hormone (estradiol) Estradiol (estrogen) receptor Plasma membrane Hormone-receptor complex DNA Vitellogenin mRNA for vitellogenin Fig. 45-8-2 How can the same hormone have different effects on cells? Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) Different receptors Epinephrine Epinephrine Epinephrine receptor receptor receptor Glycogen deposits Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (a) Liver cell Vessel dilates. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Vessel constricts. (c) Intestinal blood vessel Fig. 45-9 What hormone is responsible for the reabsorption of the tadpoles’ tail? What role does that hormone play in animals? (a) (b) Fig. 45-10 Highlight the glands and organs involved in regulating metabolism. Circle glands and organs involved in reproduction. Major endocrine glands: Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Organs containing endocrine cells: Thymus Heart Adrenal glands Testes Liver Stomach Pancreas Kidney Kidney Small intestine Ovaries Fig. 45-12-5 Compare and contrast the pathway taken when the blood glucose level is too high or low. Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Blood glucose level declines. Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Blood glucose level rises. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Glucagon Fig. 45-13-3 Why is PTTH names a neurohormone? Highlight the gland it triggers and explain the resulting pathway triggered by the production of PTTH. Brain Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum PTTH Corpus allatum Low JH Prothoracic gland Ecdysone EARLY LARVA Juvenile hormone (JH) LATER LARVA PUPA ADULT Fig. 45-14 How are the roles of the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and anterior pituitary glands related? Cerebrum Pineal gland Thalamus Cerebellum Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Spinal cord Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Table 45-1b Pick 1-2 hormones from this table. Highlight the names under the hormone column. Justify why its regulation is critical to human survival. Table 45-1c Pick 1-2 hormones from this table. Highlight the names under the hormone column. Justify why its regulation is critical to human survival. Table 45-1d The amount of melatonin produced by the pineal gland is regulated by the amount the light/dark cycles. If melatonin production increases as the evening goes on, why would the pineal gland make more in the winter than in the summer? Fig. 45-15 How are these hormones different than those in figure 45.17? Hypothalamus Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary HORMONE ADH Oxytocin TARGET Kidney tubules Mammary glands, uterine muscles Fig. 45-16 Explain why this is a positive feedback mechanism. Pathway Example Stimulus Suckling + Sensory neuron Positive feedback Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel Target cells Response Posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin ( ) Smooth muscle in breasts Milk release Fig. 45-17 What two types of signals are triggered by the hypothalamus? Tropic effects only: FSH LH TSH ACTH Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Nontropic effects only: Prolactin MSH Nontropic and tropic effects: GH Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones Portal vessels Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Pituitary hormones HORMONE FSH and LH TSH ACTH Prolactin MSH GH TARGET Testes or ovaries Thyroid Adrenal cortex Mammary glands Melanocytes Liver, bones, other tissues Fig. 45-18-3 Suppose a lab test of two patients, each diagnosed with excessive thyroid hormone production, revealed elevated levels of TSH in one but not the other. Was the diagnosis of one patient necessarily incorrect? Explain. Pathway Example Stimulus Cold Sensory neuron – Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel – Negative feedback Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin ) Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (T3 and T4 ) Target cells Response Body tissues Increased cellular metabolism Fig. 45-19 How are iodine levels related to the formation of a goiter? High level iodine uptake Normal iodine uptake Compare and contrast the two pathways that regulate blood calcium levels. Fig. 45-21a The adrenal medulla and cortex are involved in the stress response. Label the two structures in terms of whether it is involved in short term or long term stress response. Stress Spinal cord Nerve signals Releasing hormone Nerve cell Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Adrenal gland Kidney Fig. 45-21b Fill in the missing information. Adrenal medulla Adrenal gland Kidney (a) Short-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 1. 2. Increased 3. Increased 4. Increased 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity Fig. 45-21c Adrenal cortex Adrenal gland Kidney (b) Long-term stress response Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. 1. 2. blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system * *prostaglandins promote pain, inflammation, fever, protects stomach lining. NSAIDS inhibit enzymes that produce prostaglandins. So too much NSAIDS = weak stomach lining = ulcer