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1861 - 1865 • SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. • b. Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use of emergency powers, such as his decision to suspend habeas corpus. • c. Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis. • d. Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta and the impact of geography on these battles. • e. Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. • f. Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output. • Abraham Lincoln – winner of the election of 1860 • Representative from Illinois • Ran unsuccessfully two times for the US Senate • Upon hearing the news of Lincoln’s election, South Carolina secedes from the Union • Lincoln vows to preserve the Union at any cost necessary. • Lincoln was initially not concerned with emancipation , but rather preventing the further spread of slavery. • The Confederate States of America is formed in February 1861 • Jefferson Davis is elected President of the CSA the same month • Graduate from West Point Military Academy • Former US Senator from Mississippi • Former US Secretary of War • In April 1861, one of the first crises in Lincoln’s presidency occurred. • Fort Sumter, located on an island in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, was one of the few remaining federal forts in Confederate territory. • President Davis offered to purchase Fort Sumter and other Union possession in Confederate territory, but Lincoln refused. • Union troops at Fort Sumter soon found themselves in dire need of supplies. • Lincoln knew that sending the supplies would anger the Confederates but chose to proceed with his plan. • Confederate leaders gave Lincoln an ultimatum: abandon the fort voluntarily or face the possibility of armed, forced abandonment • When Union forces failed to abandon Fort Sumter, the Confederates began bombarding the island. • Two days later, after federal troops abandoned Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteer troops to stop “open rebellion” of the Confederate states. • Four other states seceded; the Civil War had officially begun. • After the start of war, Lincoln began using emergency powers never-before used by another president. • He suspended the Constitutional writ of habeas corpus. • Literally means “to have the body”. • Under this writ, persons charged with a crime are guaranteed the right to be brought before a judge and told of the crimes against them. • During the Civil War, Lincoln imprisoned thousands of Confederate supporters in Union states without trial denying them their basic civil liberties as outlined in the Bill of Rights. • Why do you think Lincoln did this? • Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia who would become leader of the entire Confederate forces. • Formerly served in the United States Army • Seen as one of the brightest and best in the field of military expertise. • The military expertise of Lee and his fellow Confederate generals is seen as one of the few (if only) advantages the South had over Northern forces. • Antietam – September 1862; Sharpsburg, Maryland • First major battle on Northern soil • Single bloodiest day in US history; over 26,000 troops killed, wounded or missing • As Lee’s largely outnumbered forces retreated South, Union forces chose not to follow. • Some historians say the Union could have ended the war after Antietam had they chosen to follow Lee’s fleeing army. The Dunker Church; Sharpsburg, Maryland (September 17, 1862) • At Antietam Union forces did successfully prevent a Southern invasion. • Lincoln saw this “victory” as an opportunity to issue his “Emancipation Proclamation” in September1862. • The Proclamation “freed” only slaves in the Confederacy. • Slaves in the border states still remained in bondage. • Largely ignored by Confederates; Lincoln after all was not their President. • It did however set a moral course for the war. • No longer was the war just about maintaining the Union, but also about ending slavery once and for all. • "That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixtythree, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” • Abraham Lincoln “The Emancipation Proclamation”, January 1863 • Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson – famous Confederate general; second only to Lee • Played an integral part in many Confederate victories including the First Bull Run where he received his nickname. • "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Follow me". -Brig. Gen Barnett Elliott Bee • However the Battle of Chancellorsville, VA in May of 1863, would be his last. • Jackson is shot by “friendly fire” while returning to his camp late one evening after a flanking expedition • His left arm is amputated but he dies from complications of pneumonia 8 days later • His death is seen as a strategic setback and moral defeat to the Confederacy. • Early on, the Union had taken control of the strategic port cities of Memphis and New Orleans along the Mississippi River • Summer 1863 – Vicksburg, Mississippi • Union forces led by Ulysses S. Grant led a siege for control of high ground over a bend in the Mississippi River • Whoever controlled the bend, controlled the flow of traffic along the entire river itself. • The siege lasted seven weeks, but resulted with the Union’s successful capture of Vicksburg. • The Union victory is important for two reasons: • 1. It gives the Union full navigational control of the Mississippi River from North to South • 2. It divides the Confederacy in half; cuts off supply routes to and from Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas • July 1863 – Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • Led by Robert E. Lee, Gettysburg was seen as a final attempt of the South to invade the North. • Lee envisioned taking Philadelphia and then surrounding Washington, D.C., potentially securing Union surrender. • After three days of fighting, the Confederates retreat. • The Confederate defeat at Gettysburg is seen as the war’s major turning point • Lee’s loss allows the Union forces to permanently regain control of the war • One historian noted about Gettysburg: “It was the greatest battle ever to be fought in the western hemisphere”. Nearly 8,000 Union and Confederate troops die in three days at Gettysburg. • In remembrance of fallen Union soldiers, Lincoln issued his famous “Gettysburg Address” in November 1863. • His speech was given at a dedication of a cemetery on the battlefields of Gettysburg. • Considered on of the most important speeches in US history as Lincoln still urged a preservation of the Union. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion— that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abraham Lincoln, “Gettysburg Address”, November 1863 • In Spring 1864, Lincoln promotes Ulysses S. Grant to head of the Union army. • Under Grant’s command, the Union forces would spend the next year gradually overwhelming Confederate forces. • Grant’s plan called for a siege of Confederate supply lines in Atlanta and a complete surrender of Lee’s army in Virginia. • General who served under Grant in the Union Army • Sherman faced a mountainous campaign on his way to victory at the Battle of Atlanta in September 1864 • From Atlanta, Sherman would begin his infamous “March to Sea” • Union troops burned all lands and destroyed Confederate infrastructure from Atlanta to Savannah. • Sherman’s actions effectively ended the South’s attempt at victory. Sherman’s “neckties” • In 1864, public opinion on the war was turning against Lincoln, his reelection was deemed impossible by many. • A Lincoln defeat at the polls could lead to an armistice with the South, formally recognizing their existence. • However Sherman’s “March to the Sea” secured a victory for Lincoln in the 1864 election. • His 2nd Inaugural Address, given in March 1865, was Lincoln’s attempt at reconciling with an almost defeated South • Lincoln wanted to bring all rebelling states back into the Union and begin the process of forgiveness and healing. • “With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan -- to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” - Abraham Lincoln, “2nd Inaugural Address” March 1864 • April 1865 – Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia. • Over 600,000 Americans died as a result of the Civil War • The Confederacy was disbanded and the South was left in financial and physical ruin. • April 14, 1865 • Four days after Lee’s surrender, Abraham Lincoln is killed by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. • His death left many to wonder how our nation would “bind up its wounds” without its heroic leader. Executions of conspirators in the plans to assassinate Lincoln and his cabinet. • For each of the following individuals, write at least ONE sentence explaining his contribution(s) to the course and/or outcome of the Civil War: • 1. Jefferson Davis • 2. Abraham Lincoln • 3. Robert E. Lee • 4. Ulysses S. Grant • 5. “Stonewall” Jackson • 6. William T. Sherman