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LIGHT AND COLOR SYLLABUS CYNTHIA MARTONE JAMES C. LOPRESTO INTRODUCTION • • • • Quiz every Thursday Labs (class exercises) Power Point Presentations (30 minutes) Final Exam (as Scheduled) POWER POINT TOPICS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Telescopes Cameras Lasers Holograms Stimulated Emission The Interferometer Color Science Microscopes Black Body Radiation The Green Flash Rainbows, Halos and Sundogs Total Internal Reflection The Solar Spectrum The Pinhole Camera The Human Eye Corrective Procedures for Improving Eyesight (Glasses, contacts, sunglasses, surgical corrections) Introduction to Subject Matter • LIGHT (Packet of Energy, photon) • FOUR FORCES IN NATURE (Strong Nuclear – gluon, Electromagnetic – photon, Weak Nuclear – Intermediate Vector Bosons, Gravity – Graviton (gravity waves) • LIGHT (wave and “massless particle” Inverse Square Law of Light • Light Sources look dimmer the farther away they are • Intensity = 1/ (distance)2 • Standard Candles COLOR? • • • • Physical Physiological Psychological THE VIVID SOLAR SPECTRUM!!!! LIST OF COLOR BANDS Electromagnetic Radiation • • • • • • • GAMMA RAYS X-RAYS ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE INFRARED MICROWAVE RADIO VISIBLE BAND COLORS • • • • • • • VIOLET (INDIGO) BLUE GREEN YELLOW ORANGE RED color blindness? NATURAL WORLD EMITS ALL WAVELENGTHS • Effects of Light on Humans (radiation) Gamma Rays (deadly) X-Rays (deadly) UV (suntan, sunburn) IR ( skin can detect IR) Microwaves and Radio Waves Long Term exposure, Cell phones and Power Lines? COMBINATION OF COLORS • (NOT COLORS IN SCIENTIFIC SENSE) pink!!!! brown black white many others!!!!!! COLOR SCIENCE • • • • ADDING COLORS SUBTRACTING COLORS COLOR WHEELS COLOR ORGANIZATION AND SCHEMES Wavelength and Frequency • Wavelength • Frequency • Speed of Light c = λ ν = wavelength x frequency sometimes frequency denoted by f WAVES • Transverse Waves • • • Water Waves Wave Properties, wavelength, frequency Longitudinal Waves • Sound Waves Maxwell Equations of Electromagnetic Theory • Maxwell’s Equations • Spatial variation of the electric field is equal to the temperal variation of the magnetic field. • Spactial variation of the magnetic field is equal to the temperal variation of the electric field • The divergence of the magnetic field is zero (no magnetic poles) • The divergence of the electric field is 4πρ (there are electric charges) Maxwell’s Equations • Maxwell's Equations • I. Gauss' law for electricity II. Gauss' law for magnetism III. Faraday's law of induction IV. Ampere's law SIMPLE OPTICS • Refraction • http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/light/rayOptics/refraction/refraction1.html • http://www.ps.missouri.edu/rickspage/refract/refraction.html • Snell’s Law Lenses Aperture Optical Axis Focal Length http://freespace.virgin.net/gareth.james/virtual/Optics/Lens/lens.html Inverted Image Aberrations Spherical Aberration Chromatic Aberration Coma REFRACTING TELESCOPES • • • • Eyepieces Famous Examples Speed of Telescope Optics F-ratio REFLECTION • • • • • • Mirrors Aberrations Reflecting Telescopes Famous Examples Various Designs and Foci Adaptive Optics SPECTROSCOPY • • • • • PRISM DISPERSION GRATINGS SPECTROSCOPES SPECTROGRAPHS Littrow Spectrograph Cyrney-Turner Spectrograph FOURIER SPECTROSCOPY THE HUMAN EYE • • • • • • • The Cornea The Pupil The Lens The Retina Near Sighted Far Sighted Astigmatism THE CAMERA • • • • • • Photographic Emulsion Digital Imagery and Cameras Camera Designs Porro Prisms FOCAL LENGTHS F-RATIOS and F-STOPS Other Optical Instruments • • • • • • • • Magnifying Glass Microscopes Binoculars Periscopes Telephoto Lens Fiber Optics Thin Films Polarizers ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION • • • • Max Planck and the Photon Wein’s Displacement Law Black Body Radiation (perfect radiators) Radiation Curve for the Sun THE SOLAR SPECTRUM • • • • • • CONTINUUM ABSORPTION LINES EMISSION LINES LINE PROFILES FLASH SPECTRUM WEBSITES for SOLAR SPECTRA INTEFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION • INTERFERENCE • DIFFRACTION QUANTUM OPTICS • • • • ATOMS AND LIGHT ENERGY LEVELS BOHR MODEL OF ATOM NARROW WAVELENGTH BANDS PRODUCED BY ATOMS • STIMULATED EMISSION COLORS IN NATURE • aurora • colors in nature (other than the atmosphere) • eclipses • planetary nebulae filtered images • reflection and flourencent nebulae LASERS Ruby Lasers Helium-Neon Lasers HOLOGRAMS • Three dimensional images FOURIER OPTICS • INTEROMETERS • FOURIER OPTICS