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Transcript
Endocrine System Major Endocrine Organs Background Hormones Hormonal Control Thymus of activity—half-life, hormone release Chemistry Mechanism Target Pituitary Anterior Posterior Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas Gonads Pineal gland cell gland glands pituitary (hypophysis) pituitary specificity of glands action—increase hormones hormones or decrease 1. Endocrine: Ductless, secrete hormones into 2. Types of stimuli: Humoral (glands release 3. Overview of second-messenger systems 1. Hormonal effects ++ onset and duration 5. Direct gene activation rates of normal cellular activity 2. 8. 3. e. i. c. Renin-angiotensin ADH Increases Signs Connections Gonadotropins: (antidiuretic of DM: Ca between i. Polyuria, absorption FSH hormone): mechanism: and posterior ii.LH: by Polydipsia a.a. intestine Inhibits JGA Regulate pituitary release & oriii. & 1. Half-life—measure of hormonal persistence 2. Mechanisms that transduce hormonal 7. Regulation of insulin: Humoral response to Oxytocin: a. Stimulates smooth muscle 5. Growth hormones ++ surrounding tissue fluid, vascular or 3. 1. Connections Same sex hormones between as ant. those pituitary produced & hypoby 2. Factors affecting target cell activation 1. Typically negative feedback: Hormone Effects: Insulin: hypoglycemic hormone & 9. Types of DM: Type I: Insulin dependent DM hormones in direct response to changing d. Glucocorticoids (type of corticosteroid): i. Two endocrine glands: a. Adrenal medulla 3. Parathyroid hormone: a. Controls Ca Classification 2. Thyroid hormone (TH): Two metabolically a. Hormone binds plasma membrane receptor a. Alter plasma membrane permeability 6. Insulin effects: a. Lower blood glucose ( 3. Metabolic disturbances with thyroid gland a. Steroid hormones are lipid soluble (pass 1. General characteristics: a. Connected to f. Regulates Anterior pituitary tissue isBP the Master and development, gland hypothalamus: gonads, prevents (stimulates renin Polyphagia, in response b. urine FSH conversion d. Polyuria: production, a. stimulates Posterior togrowth of decrease, i.hormones): vitamin Excessive gamete b. israte In an response outgrowth D initiates production into glucose toof 4. Calcitonin: a. Lowers blood calcium levels, in blood stream depends on of synthesis b. Mineralocorticoids (type of corticosteroid: g.Gonadocorticoids(Sex Structure primarily 1. 1. Two Large pairs in of children, glands decreases in the posterior with age aspect signal into an intracellular change increased circulating glucose contraction, b. Muscle response depends on f. 1. Addison’s Mediated disease: by specific hyposecretory protein receptors disorder 4. Examples of signaling mechanisms lymphatic drainage receive hormones, thalamus: a. Anterior lobe is derived from adrenal cortex secretion a. Hormonal is triggered levels in response to a Glucagon: hyperglycemic hormone 7. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): a. (IDDM), 6. Thyroid-stimulating autoimmume destruction of (TSH) β cells, 1. Contains both exocrine (GI enzymes) & 4. Other hormones (2/6) have b. Cretinism: hypothyroidism in infants (TH levels of ions or nutrients, e.g., PTH release in 4. Adrenal medulla (AM): a. Chromaffin cells e. Cushing’s disease: excess cortisone: i. Influence metabolism and mediate response (acts balance, as part b. of Released the sympathetic in response NS) to & falling b. a. Amino acid-based active iodine-containing hormones: thyroxine b. G-protein signals effector to produce an b. Alter protein or regulatory molecule activity: enhance a. membrane Myxedema: transport hypothyroid of glucose disorder into chemical 2. Exocrine: substances Have ducts secreted & nonhormonal by cells into through plasma membrane) 1. General characteristics hypothalamus (part of brain) by infundibulum f. Effects of growth hormone: Stimulates There are two types of glands: Floor of 3rd ventricle within diencephalons h. Abnormalities: 2. g. Six T4 is hormones bound to as plasma well as proteins a number (TBG: of other brain c. increases active cascade in LH kidney promotes & form), maintains forming filtrate in solute f. production Hyperparathyroidism acts angiotensin its concentration, neural as of a diuretic gonadal connections, II formation, hormones, ( ADH i.e., is inhibits rare is b. d. b. Antagonist to the effect of parathyroid and release, speed of removal or degradation Regulate electrolyte concentrations in extraa. Two lobes connected by isthmus androgens: i. Androstenedione converted to of the thyroid gland 2. Hormonal products important for T cell G-protein linked receptor activation of 8. Diabetes mellitus (DM): Hyposecretion or number of oxytocin receptors in uterus and a. adrenal a. Receptors cAMP cortex: are i. localized Weight loss, to cells ii. Reduced that are ++ a. Produced by somatotropic cells 9. Prolaction examples of endocrine glands (pituitary, epithelial tissue, b. No direct connection 2. Ovaries produce estrogens & progesterone stimulus b. Number & as of hormone receptors level on target increases, cell 4. Glucagon effects:a. Breakdown of glycogen Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticoStimulates normal growth & activity juvenile endocrine onset, cells lack insulin activity, long term neuroendocrine targets: replacement therapy prevents, cannot reverse g. Regulation by hypothalamic hormones response to changes in calcium levels), (Modified postgang. sympathetic neurons that Characterized by persistent hyperglycemia to stress, ii. Cortisol, cortisone,corticosterone Adrenal cortex blood Ca levels, c. PTH stimulates osteohormones (most hormones) (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3), b. Thyroxine (T4) intracellular message (second messenger) synthesis (if body from cells), lack b. of Alter iodine, protein condition & fat is metabolism, endemic or ++ extracellular products are fluids, directed that regulate to membrane metabolic b. Once inside, hormone binds to intracellular a. ADH and oxytocin are comprised of 9 aa (stalklike connection between brain & endouptake of amino acids from blood and their Endocrine & Exocrine 2. Primary secretory product is melatonin *Adolescent hypersecretion: Gigantism Neurons active FSH released thyroxine-binding (Ca which water and is reabsortion), stimulates molecules leached in LH from supraoptic work hypothalamus from aldosterone in globulin) ii. concert bones Increased & paraventricular & and to (hypothalamus transported release cause urine replaced follicle from output by to hormone: Inhibits calcium release from bones Onset of effect is dependent on hormone cellular fluid, aldosterone is most abundant, it b. Follicles: Follicle cells produce thyroglobin testosterone & dihydrotestosterone, ii. Small 2. maturation Chief cells (principal (thymopoietins cells) & secrete thymosins) PTH: intracellular second messengers (amino acidhypoactivity of insulin: a. Excessive hyperbreast (number of receptors increases during plasma influenced b. PIP-Calcium glucose by a & given sodium signal hormone mechanism levels, iii. Severe b. Stimulates most cells to grow & divide a. Stimulates milk production thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal & between (sexual maturation post. pituitary & menstrual or hypothalamus, cycle) c. c. Receptor affinity (can be up or down target organ is affected & further to glucose (glyconeogenesis), b. Synthesis of steroid hormones (Glucocorticoids offset of thyroid gland cardiovascular & neural problems 2. Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) a. PRL: Prolactin effects), c. Graves’ disease: Hyperthyroid (negative feedback): neural (nerve fibers stimulate hormonal secrete epinephrine & NE), b. Initial response (steroid diabetes), ii. Loss of muscle & bone iii.Only cortisol secreted in significant amount 2. Response to stressful conditions clast activity (digest bone matrix & release b. Steroid hormones (gonadal is produced by thyroid gland, c. Triiodoc. Second messenger mediates cellular c. Activate or inactivate enzyme Inhibits breakdown of glycogen, d. Triggers colloidal goiter, colloid is made but cannot be ++ function surfaces of other cells in the body receptor (activated complex is formed) (differ only in the identity of 2 residues) crine system), b. Two major lobes: Posterior & incorporation into proteins, stimulates sulfur 3. Pineal gland receives indirect inputs from *Adult hypersecretion: Acromegaly (tissues target Tropic tissues(bind hormones target (4/6): Regulate tissue receptors, secretory T3 nuclei to has connective adrenal causes mature osmoreceptors), of dehydration cortex,ii. hypothalamus (LH tissue, causes Direct elevated & c. egg decreased ADH stimulation give to blood causes rise be extruded to Bd Ca by hypothalkidney volume, plasma from by osteoclast activity & stimulates calcium type (steroid: hours to days) reduces excretion of sodium from the body, & amounts lumen stores of estrogens, colloid iii. (thyroglobin Adrenal cortex in sex parathyroid hormone based hormones) glycemia triggers sym. response (activates pregnancy & afferent impulses as uterus dehydration b. Hormones & hypotension, act as molecular triggers ++ ++ c. Major targets are bones and muscles b. PRH and PIH (serotonin and dopamine) thymus) & some organs also have discrete connection (hypophyseal portal 3. Testes produce testosterone (sexual hormone regulated release based is on inhibited. microenvironmental glucose from lactic acid, fatty acids & amino effects of stress), b. Its release is controlled Type b. II: Tropic Non-insulin hormone dependent DM (NIDDM), a. Two populations b. GH: Growth hormone pathology, autoimmune disease, abnormal •Vascular GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone release, e.g., sympathetic activated release of to stress is mediated by sympathetic NS, c. protein, iii. Water & salt retention, iv. “moon” iv. Non-stress: CRH, ACTH, cortisol release, Ca Adrenal ), d. cortex: Enhances a. Corticosteroids Ca reabsorption (steroids, by and adrenocortical hormones) thyronine (T3) is formed at target tissue (T4 is response hormone (signaling cascades & d. Induction of secretory activity iodinated enzymatic to activity make functional (oxidation hormone, of glucose TSH for c. Activated complex passes into nucleus and b. Released in response to neural signals anterior, c. Posterior lobe + infundibulum = uptake, mobilizes fats from fat deposits, visual system still sensitive to GH grow disproportionately) activity is bound of more other readily, endocrine h. Regulation: glands: Falling amic-hypophyseal follicle), tubules asversely sodium iii. Electrolyte to and e. affects reabsorb LH potastium stimulates loss NS tract with more and ions, excretion (hormones interstitial contributes water, iii. ACTH: d. of At synthesis cells excess to high at very of uptake and incorporation, calcium acts as a 3. Duration is generally short ( e.gmetabolism) 20 minutes) stimulates reabsortion of sodium in the distal association with iodine) hormones is only fraction of gonadal sources, b. Direct gene activation (steroid hormones) systems associated with hypoglycemia), stretches during pregnancy signals release of d. Anabolic hormone (promotes c. Levels parallel those of estrogen areas of endocrine tissue as well as exocrine veins), d. Releasing & inhibiting hormones maturation & sex drive) conditions) acids, c. Release of glucose from liver by CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone: a c. Controlled by hypothalamus usually i. Alpha after cells—produce the age of 40, 90% glucagons of DM cases, antibodies that mimic TSH, exophthalmus (somatocrinin) catecholamines from adrenal medulla) & Activation of AM & associated release of EPI face, v. Redistribution of body fat ( e.g., buffalo negative feedback, v. Stress: Sympathetic NS more than two dozen, synthesized from kidney tubules, converted into T3), d. Increases metabolism in protein kinases) e. Stimulate mitosis secretion ATP production, increase synthesis to stimulateTH & storage production, of ++ binds to specific DNA sequences from hypothalamus neurohypophysis, d. Anterior lobe (adenodecreases rate of glucose uptake and 4. SCN has melatonin receptors *Adult hyposecretion: Little effect (progeria: •in testes doses, levels formation high ketones TSH: secretory levels trigger to Thyroid-stimulating ADH (-signal produce of charged), of causes cells kidney TSH ACTH, of testosterone, release, vasoconstriction stones hypothalamus: e.Polydipsia: aldosterone rising hormone as excess f.mediated levels secretion LH dehydration oxytocin & (Causes Ca FSH of c. is is humoral for calcitonin release although depends on hormone type tubule of kidney), c.4 Mechanisms controlling c. Thyroid hormone is derived from iodinated iv. Possible role in onset of puberty (levels b. Lipidemia: i. Fats mobilized to use as oxytocin during late stages of pregnancy), e. Growth-promoting effects are tissue (pancreas, gonads &unuseable hypothalamus) 4. Release by of hypothalamus gonadal hormones are carried is regulated by 5. Regulation of glycogen: Humoral response hypothalamic hormone having a diurnal i. TRH—thyroid releasing hormone most ii. patients Beta cells—produce are overweight, insulin genetic link, •secreted GHIH: (growth hormone inhibiting hormone hormonal (release of hormones in response to & NE prolong sym. response (High BP & HR, hump), vi. Anti-inflammatory effects mask overrides inhibitory effect of elevated cortisol cholesterol), most tissues by stimulating glucose glycogen, conversion of glucose to fat & its follicles accumulate more colloid), d. Association with DNA sequence turns on hyophysis) is comprised of glandular tissue metabolism (diabetogenic effect: elevation of occurs when deficit is severe) •& thyroxine ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic inhibits TSH release hormone & conditions in release increases deposited increased, stimulate antidiuretic is thirst controlled systolic in iv. kidney ANP: hormone) center BP) Atrial tubules), by in & the & brain, e. natriuretic c. Diabetes hypothalamus When g.Hypoparathyrf. Polyphagia: neurons peptide: insipidus aldosterone secretion thyroglobin rise during years preceding onset) cellular food, ii. FA metabolites accumulate as Hormonal trigger for milk ejection & d. indirectly (IGFs: Insulin-like growth factors portal by gonadotropins system to anterior pituitary (regulate to decreased blood glucose rhythm) & c. Feedback inhibition: rising insulin ii. is Feedback produced inhibition in inadequate quantities (somatostatin) other hormones, e.g., hypothalamic releasing mobilization of glucose&shunt blood from GI) infection levels & triggers CRH release, vi. Gluconeooxidation, e. Increases adrenergic receptors storage gene (gene sequence is transcribed) e. Highly vascular blood glucose) *Adolescent hyposecretion:Pituitary dwarfism •fire, which FSH: there Follicle-stimulating is increased energy hormone requirements (GnRH) (tasteless: oidism: when i. Glucose hormones BP & PTH is g. cannot deficiency high, Negative deficiency are heart be released used in feedback release following ADH because into secretion ANP inhibition capillary injury ittocannot inhibit with orbed d. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin ketone bodies, iii. Bd pH drops (ketoacidosis), Positive feedback mechanism produced by liver and other tissues) activity of secretory cells in ant. Pituitary) Home Exit glucocorticoids inhibit CRH secretion iii.faulty GHIH also inhibits or with receptors and inhibiting factors) genesis: Conversion of fats into glucose in blood vessels, BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE •inLH: regulates output causes surgical renin be posterior absorbed Lutenizing and of TRH removal huge FSH aldosterone pituitary release by&amounts cells, hormone LH (increased release from ii. secretion Results ofhypothalamus urine NS NOTES excitability) in & hunger thirst)