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The Renaissance- Intellectual Themes and Italian Politics When, Where, and Why? 15th and 16th centuries Why Italy? – Economic boom Decent position to serve as Asia/European trading ‘middle man’ – Relatively high # of cities – Legacy of classical civilization – Influx of classical texts from the Arab/Muslim world (crusades) The Renaissance French, ‘naissance’. Spanish ‘nacimiento’ Renaissance??? The ‘rebirth’ of what??? I think I will name my baby Greece Roman! Intellectual Themes Reason- Rational thought plus a willingness to challenge first principles (“Perhaps we are as smart as the Greco-Romans!”) Humanism- the elevation of the human mind as a source for knowledge and critical thought (at least equal to the bible) – Aka secularism or individualism Humanities- those things that you need to study to become a cultured individual – Medieval fields of study law, medicine and theology – Renaissance adds history, art, philosophy, rhetoric, etc.) – Education is necessary for good citizenship… so increasingly non-clergy receive educations in the Renaissance… Renaissance Themes Didn’t Sit Well With the Great Chain of Being Divine right/the Great Chain were not based on reason Thus, reason threatened those in power Key City States Florence- started off the Renaissance and most of the time its brightest star Rome- High Renaissance Internal Politics in the Italian City States They Started out with an advantage free of Feudalism/the Chain – At this point they were Communes – run by guilds (collections of workers organized by trade) Then Urban nobility v popolo – Nobility in the surrounding countryside moved into the city-states to intermarry with newly rich merchants – These ‘Urban nobles’ clashed with workers (who were referred to as ‘the popolo’ (the people) – Popolo often won at first and set up short-lived Republics – These were unstable, largely because the leaders of the Republics quickly started to abuse their own power and couldn’t maintain order – Wealthy elites used anger at the Republican governments to return to power- these elites were known as ‘Signori’. They were ‘oligarchs’. (An oligarchy is a rule by a small elite). (cont.) Signori/Oligarchs used façades of classical government – Why? Wealth of oligarchs, via patronage, which refers to financial encouragement and support, spurred cultural growth – De Medici’s in Florence – Sforza’s in Milan Balance of power/Ambassadors External Italian Politics are Important, too… Balance of power pro- stability and cultural vibrancy in city-states Balance of power con- not strong enough to stand up to foreign invasion Habsburg- Valois Wars – Fight between the Holy Roman Emperor (a Habsburg) and the French (a Valois) for the spoils of the Italian city states – Rome was even sacked by a Habsburg leader – (Habsburgs) eventually ended up with most of the Italian city states (Italy won’t exist as a country until the mid to late 19th century) The Northern Renaissance The Italian Renaissance was extinguished by the Habsburg-Valois Wars, but the invaders were ‘conquered’ by Renaissance ideas Or, “the Renaissance crossed the Alps” Northern Renaissance – Mainly in the HRE, the Netherlands, England, and France – More religious - Christian Humanists – Hoped to reform society (government, education, etc.) to more accurately reflect ethics as taught by Jesus Example- Erasmus’ more accurate translation of the New Testament from Greek Erasmus believed that the bible should be accessible to everyone – thus education was important The End Hansen AP Euro Name _____________________ Period _________ The Renaissance- Intellectual Themes and Italian Politics (Lecture #1) Note-Taking Guide ►When, Where, and Why? • _____th and _____th centuries • Why Italy? – Economic boom • _____________________________________ _____________________________________ – Relatively high # of ___________________________ – Legacy of __________________________________ – Influx of classical texts from ____________________ _________________________________________ – The name – ‘Renaissance’? ___________________ __________________________________________ ►When, Where, and Why? • Reason- _______________________________________ ____________________________________________ (“Perhaps we are as smart as the Greco-Romans!”) • Humanism- ____________________________________ ______________________________________________ (at least equal to the bible) – Aka ________________or __________________ • Humanities- those things that you need to study to become _________________________ – Medieval fields of study law, medicine, theology – Renaissance adds ________________________ _____________________________________, etc.) – Education is necessary for good citizenship… so increasingly ______________ receive educations ► Renaissance Themes Didn’t Sit Well With _________________ • Divine right/the Great Chain were not _________________ • Thus, reason threatened those in power ► Key City States • _________- started off the Renaissance and most of the time its brightest star • _________- High Renaissance ► Internal Politics in the Italian City States • They Started out with an advantage ________________ _______________________________________________ – At this point they were _____________ – run by guilds (_________________________________________ __________________________________________) • Then Urban nobility v popolo – Nobility in the surrounding countryside moved into the city-states to _________________________________ ___________________________________________ – These ‘Urban nobles’ clashed with ________ (who were referred to as ‘the popolo’ (________________) – Popolo often won at first and set up ______________ ___________________________________________ – These were unstable, largely because the leaders of the Republics quickly started to __________________ ___________________ and couldn’t ______________ ___________________________________________ – Wealthy elites used anger at the Republican governments ______________________ - these elites were known as ‘Signori’. They were ‘oligarchs’. (An oligarchy is _______________________________). Hansen AP Euro Name _____________________ Period _________ The Renaissance- Intellectual Themes and Italian Politics (Lecture #1) Note-Taking Guide • • • Signori/Oligarchs used façades of classical government – Why? _____________________________________ __________________________________________ Wealth of oligarchs, via ________________________, which refers to _________________________________ _____________________________ spurred cultural growth – De Medici’s in ______________ – Sforza’s in _________________ Balance of power/Ambassadors – __________________________________________ __________________________________________ ► ____________________Italian Politics are Important, too… • Balance of power pro- ___________________________ ______________________________________________ • Balance of power con- ___________________________ ______________________________________________ • Habsburg- Valois Wars – Fight between the __________________________ (a Habsburg) and ___________________________ (a Valois) for the spoils of the Italian city states – _________________________by a Habsburg leader – Habsburgs eventually ended up with most of the Italian city states (__________________________ __________________________________________) ► The Northern Renaissance • The Italian Renaissance was __________________ by the Habsburg-Valois Wars, but the invaders were ____________ ________________________________________________ • Or, “the Renaissance crossed __________________” • Northern Renaissance – Mainly in the __________ , the Netherlands, England, and France – ________________- Christian Humanists – Hoped to reform society (government, education, etc.) to more accurately reflect ethics as taught by Jesus • Example- ______________________________ ______________________________________ • Erasmus believed that the bible should be _______________________________ – thus _________________ was important