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Chapter 6 Study Guide
Name: ____________________________
Date: ________________Per. __________
Lesson 1: FOSSILS AND EVOLUTION - Fossils provide evidence of changes to species and the environment over time. (3.c)*
A. What are Fossils?
1. Fossils are _________________ ____________________ remains, imprints or traces of an organism that lived long ago.
a. Fossils can include __________________, shells and _______________________ of ancient life.
2. A _________________________ is a scientist who studies fossils to determine the relationship among organisms, ________
when life first appeared, when different organisms lived on Earth or became extinct.
a. Paleontologists work _____________to uncover fossils and in __________________ analyzing and learning about fossils.
B. When Do Fossils Form?
1. To become a fossil the dead organisms must be well _____________________ from decomposer, scavengers and
environmental factors such as heavy rains and ____________ soils.
a. Hard structures such as teeth, _______________ or a _________________ have a better chance of becoming a fossil.
C. How Are Fossils Formed?
1. Fossils only form under certain _______________________.
a. Permineralization – can occur if water in the ground seeps into the tiny empty spaces and __________________ minerals.
- details of the organism’s original hard structures are often ________________________.
- bones and _____________________ become fossilized through permineralization.
b. Replacement - the hard structures of the organism dissolve and are __________________________ with minerals.
- the original microscopic details are partially or totally ________________________.
- only the shape of the _____________________ organism remains.
c. Carbonization – a dead organism is quickly buried without _________________ and elements normally found in the living
tissue are removed, a thin film of __________________ is all that is left.
-pressure compresses the buried organisms, a carbon film forms that preserves the image or ____________
- soft materials like skin, _____________, feathers, plants and fish can be preserved as carbon films.
d. Molds and Casts – preservation of an impression or _____________________. No original parts of the organism remain.
e. Original Material – none of the hard or soft structures of the organism have been ________________________or altered.
- organism is preserved in original form, this provides much ___________________for paleontologists.
D. What do Fossils Tell Us?
1. Generally the older the rock layer, the ______________ it is in the Earth.
2. The fossil record is all _____________ fossils and their placements in the formations of rocks and _______________ in time.
3. Fossils provide evidence of how life and environmental __________________ have changed throughout time.
Lesson 2: BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE – Evidence from comparative anatomy and molecular geology are best explained by the
theory of evolution by natural selection.
A. Comparative Anatomy
1. Comparative ______________ is the study of similarities and differences in the structures of organisms.
a. Humans, ___________, bats, birds and cats all have a common set of three ________________ in their arms. These
. bones are different, but the forms are similar. At some time in our past, we all shared a _________________ ancestor.
b. Parts of organisms that are similar in origin and structure are called ___________________ structures.
c. The wings of birds and insects are ______________ structures, they appear similar but have __________ ancestral origins.
d. Another source of evidence for evolution is _________________ structures. These have no function in their present
day form, but scientists hypothesize they once functioned in an ________________ (ie. pelvic bone in whale).
e. The science of the development of ______________ from fertilization to birth is _________________________. Scientists
study embryos from different animals and compare and contrast their patterns of _______________________.
f. Embryos of vertebrate animals have bulges in the region of the neck called pharyngeal pouches. These became facial and
__________ structures in vertebrates, in fish they become ___________ arches, in humans they become part of the ear.
g. It is important to remember that the more closely related species are, the _______________ features they share during
development.
B. Molecular Biology
1. Scientists look at proteins and at the _______________ of _____________ to determine evolutionary relationships.
Lesson 3: EVOLUTION AND PLATE TECTONICS – Over time, the movement of lithospheric plates has changed
environments that let to changes in species.
A. Continental Drift
1. Earth’s surface has slowly changed over _________. Earthquakes are ___________ changes to the plates are still occurring.
2. As lithospheric plates move, environmental changes result for the ______________ that live on and near them.
3. Only individuals that are well-suited to the new conditions will be able to _____________ and pass their genes to
_______________. Environmental changes can also lead to species ______________________.
B. Geographic Isolation
1. Geographic isolation occurs when ____________________become barriers between populations of species and breeding
between these populations is ___________________.
2. Sometimes distant locations with similar ____________________ conditions have species with similar traits. Species that
have evolved independently but under similar conditions; this type of evolution is knows an ___________________ evolution,
although the species ____________ similar, they did not evolve from a _______________________ ancestor.
C. How are Plate Tectonics and Evolution Related?
1. The moving lithospheric plates result in ______________ in the Earth’s surface.
2. Geographic barriers can result in the evolution of new species when populations become _____________________.
3. Some related species are now separated because of plate __________________.
4. Changes in climate, whether from ___________ tectonics or other reasons, resulted in the evolution of new species by
_______________ ___________________.
5. Only members of the species with traits that _____________ them to survive the new environmental conditions will survive,
reproduce, and pass their genetic material to offspring.
Lesson 4: CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS – Scientists use traits and evolutionary history to classify species.
A. Historic Classification Systems
1. The Greek philosopher ____________________ was one of the first people to classify organisms. When Europeans began
exploring new lands, they discovered many new organisms and a new classification system was needed.
2. In the mid-eighteenth century, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus developed a classification system that grouped organisms
based on similar _________________ structures.
a. The Linnaeus system has many related _____________. The largest group is the ___________________ and the smallest
group is the _______________.
b. A _______________ includes organisms that have the greatest number of traits in common and can ____________ and
produce fertile offspring.
c. ONLY _________________ are subject to natural selection and evolution.
d. Linnaeus also developed a system for _______________ species that is still used. The two-word scientific name of an
organism is its species __________. (ie. Species name for the California Black Oak is ______________ ______________.)
3. Groups of similar species belong to a genus, similar genera (pl) belong to a family, similar families belong to an order,
similar orders belong to a ________, similar ___________ belong to a phylum, and
similar phyla(pl) belong to a kingdom. (King Philllip Came Over From Greece Sunday)
4. Cell type, the presence of a cell wall, or whether organisms are _____________-celled or ____________________ are used
to define a kingdom of which there are six: Kingdom Eubacteria, Kingdom Archeabacteria, Kingdom ___________, Kingdom
_____________, Kingdom Plantae, Kindgom _____________.
B. Modern Methods of Classification
1. The modern study of classification is called _________________. Here, mostly _________ and molecular biology are used to
identify relationships between __________________.
2. Scientists can now determine the order or _____________ of molecules in an organisms DNA, the more DNA sequences in
common, the more likely it is that they share a recent ___________________ .
3. A new level of classification that developed because of molecular biology is _______________, which is now the highest level
instead of Kingdom.
4.Based on differences in a particular DNA sequence, organisms are divided into three domains Bacteria, _______________,
or Eukarya. Eukarya includes organisms that have _________ with a ____________.
5. As other techniques are developed, classification systems may ______________.
C. How are Classification of Organisms and Evolution Related?
1. Classification is based on the idea of ______________ ancestors, from the theory of natural ______________.
2. Classification is very useful for understanding and ______________________________ evolutionary relationships.
EXTRA PRACTICE:
1. List the classification categories from the one with the least number of organisms (most specific) to the one with the greatest
number of organisms (least specific).
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. (CIRCLE ONE) The classification category would have the greatest number of organisms is ORDER SPECIES PHYLUM.
3. (CIRCLE ONE) Layers farther down in the Earth are OLDER YOUNGER than layers nearer to the top.
4. Which Domain to Human belong to? ______________________________________________________