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The Solar System Chapter 2 A History of Two Theories Geocentrism and Heliocentrism Claudius _________ (2nd century A.D.) Ptolemaic System ______________ - idea that __________ is the _____________ of universe Epic ycles planets moved in small circle explained retrograde motion Epicycles Nicolaus ___________ (1473-1543) Copernican System - __________ - belief that the ________ ________ revolves around still incorrectly believed that planets revolved in perfect circles the ______ Copernican Revolution Better Explanation of Retrograde Motion Tycho _________ (1546-1601) Danish astronomer _________ __________ at age 16 Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) __________ 700 _______ ___________ stars Compiled first precise, continuous __________ of __________ _________ No telescope Brahe’s Model of the Solar System Johannes ___________ (1 5 7 1 - 1 6 3 0 ) Ardent Copernican Worked with Brahe briefly Found planets don’t move in perfect circles or in epicycles __ _______ ___ ____ _____ __ Each planet travels in an ___________ orbit with the sun at one focus Kepler’s 2nd Law A line drawn between the sun and a planet (the radius vector) sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of Time ____________ – planet is ________ to sun and moves ________ _________ – planet is _________ from sun and moves ________ Kepler’s Third Law B y c a l c u l a ti n g the time it takes a planet to orbit around the sun, you can also determine its distance to the sun! Kepler’s Third Law The square of the period of revolution of a planet (in years) is proportional to the cube of the average distance of the planet from the sun (in astronomical units, AU, the average sun-earth distance) Kepler’s Third Law More distant a planet is from the Sun the longer it takes to complete its orbit around the Sun also applies to moons, satellites and comets _________ Galilei (1564-1642) _______ Made ______ first _________ in 1609 observations of moon, planets, sun, and stars added additional support to the heliocentric model Galileo’s Telescopes Sun _____ billions ________ of others similar to it in Universe ________ _______ 99.8% of total 1.4 million km mass in diameter Sun Temperature surface 5800 K core 15.6 billion K Composition ______ _________ 25% helium 0.1% metals Sun Differential Rotation Equator 25.4 days Poles 36 days Energy 386 Output billion billion megawatts/sec Sun’s Atmopshere ____________ lowest layer _________ of 5800 the sun K ______________ lies above photosphere ___________ __________ _______ _ _______ ___ __________ Appear intense on the ____________ _________ _________ ______ ________ - _____ _______ sunspot cycle “cool” regions 3800K First Spotless Month – August 2008 Sun ________ _________ _________ of Sun extends millions of kilometers into space ________ during _________ __________ Sun _________ ________ Sun emits a ___________ __________ __________ of _____________ ___________ (mostly electrons and protons) throughout the solar system Sun ________ ______ ________ ________ _______ _________ Radio interference Power line surges Sun Solar Loops and Flares The Planets ______ _____ _________ Small _________ to the Sun (4,800 km) Known since the Third Millennium B.C. (Sumerians) Mercury Visited by Mariner 10 in 1974-1975 Mercury Highly eccentric orbit perihelion 46 million km aphelion 70 million km ____ ________ small magnetic field Mercury Revolution Every 88 days Rotation 3 rotations every 2 revolutions once every 59 days Mercury _________ _________ Very Tiny Atmosphere too small to hold gases high temperatures Temperature 427 °C -180 °C Mercury Very dense planet Iron core Silicate outer No shell plate tectonics Many meteorite craters View of Mercury Venus __________ Planet __________ __________ orbit Named because it is the brightest of all planets Known since prehistory Venus ___________ Interior shows and ___________ ______ Planet phases Visited by 20 spacecraft Venus Revolution 225 days Rotation 243 days ___________ _________ ___________ motion Earth’s Venus _________ Planet Earth’s diameter Earth’s mass Similar density and chemical composition 95% 80% Venus ___________ 90 atmospheres same as pressure at a depth of 1 km in Ocean Mostly _______ Thick clouds of sulfuric acid Venus ____________ _______ Temperature 900 deg F hot enough to melt lead hotter than Mercur y Venus Plains No (continents), mountains, valleys (larger than Earth’s) magnetic field ____ ___________ Venus Large Still shield __________ volcanically active in a few spots Venus Pancake Volcanos Coronae Earth Covered in Chapter 3 ______ ______ __________ 142 million miles from Sun “_______ Iron Planet _________” oxide in soil Mars Significantly Eccentric Orbit Temperature W inter -207 Pole °F Summer 80 Day Side °F Average = -53 ° F Mars Revolution 687 days Rotation 24 hrs, 37 min ______________ motion Mars Spectacular _________ Terrain _________ ____________ 78,000 __________ in __________ __________ feet high Huge Canyons Terraced Impact Plateaus Craters Mars Polar Ice Caps Dry ice covers some underlying water ice Grow and shrink with seasons ________ ________ on Mars in ________ ________ Mars Evidence of water erosion Mars Atmosphere Very thin Carbon dioxide Nitrogen 3% Argon W ater 95% 2% Oxygen Vast dust storms Mars _______ moons ________ ________ Mars Phobos Larger and innermost orbits twice daily Mars Deimos Smaller ______ ______ _________ Planet __________ 318x _________ in the solar system Earth ~483 million miles from the sun Fourth brightest J u p i te r Revolution 12 years Rotation 10 hours ___________ Density 1.3 3 ________ is a little more than water 3 g/cm 3 vs. 1.0 g/cm 3 J u p i te r ______ 90% 10% ________ hydrogen helium Radiates more energy into space that it receives from the sun J u p i te r _________ __________ _________ blow in ___________ more than 400 mph Altitude correlate with cloud color blue = lowest brown and white red ___________ = middle = highest Jupiter loses band J u p i te r __________ __________ __________ (GRS) Known Oval for 300 years 2 x e a rt h size High High altitude clouds (cooler regions) pressure region J u p i te r Jupiter has__________ fainter and smaller than Saturn composed of ver y sm all grains of rocky material dark J u p i te r _______ moons 4 Galilean moons Named for figures in the life of Zeus ___ __ Innermost moon Molten silicate rock Lots of ________ Volcanic Eruption on Io ______ _____ Silicate Rock Thin outer layer may of ice have liquid water underneath Exceedingly Few craters _________ smooth ________ Europa _______ _______ ____________ larger __________ in ___________ ___________ than Mercury Valleys and mountains tectonics ___________ Ganymede Callisto __________ ___________ 40% ice 60% rock/iron Thin atmosphere CO2 ______ _____ _________ nd planet 2 largest 9.5 AU from Sun 900 million miles Saturn Revolution 29.5 years Rotation 10 hours Saturn Lowest 3 density of all of the planets 0.7 g/cm it would ___________ Oblate 10% _____ a bucket of _______ (visibly flattened) wider at equator rapid rotation fluid state Saturn Composition 75% 25% Hydrogen Helium water, ammonia, rock Saturn Similarities to Jupiter Radiates Bands less more energy into space than it receives from the Sun prominent Long-lived ovals Saturn _________(6 total) 170,000 miles in diameter Composition small cm _______ particles - meter size Saturn Thin 1.5 rings km thick Saturn ________ moons _________ ________ _______ of Saturn Thick, opaque atmosphere mostly nitrogen trace organic compounds -290 °F ______ _____ _______ 19 planet from Sun AU ~1800 million miles Third largest planet Discovered by William Herschel in 1781 Uranus Revolution 84 years Rotation 10 hours ___________ _________ Each _____ its ____________ pole receives sunlight for 21 years Uranus Composition Primarily of rock and ices 15% hydrogen and a little helium Atmosphere 83% 15% hydrogen helium 2% methane Uranus _____________ 11 known very dark rings Radiates energy into space Uranus __________ moons Named from Shakespeare and Pope Cordeila, Ophelia, Juliet, Puck, etc.. _______ _______ ___________ Observed ___ _________ before being __________ 1846 Neptune __________ Planet 30 AU from the Sun A billion miles further than Uranus Average -215 Temperature °C Neptune Composition Primarily of rock and ices 15% hydrogen and a little helium Atmosphere 83% 15% hydrogen helium 2% methane Neptune Radiates 2x more energy than it receives from Sun Great 700 Dark Spot mph winds ___________ 1250 _________ in ___________ __________ mph Neptune ____________ Complete but very dark _________ moons _______--_______ _______ of Neptune T ri t o n Pluto ________ considered to be __ _________ demoted in August 39.5 AU 3.5 billion miles Pluto Clyde W. Tombaugh discoved Pluto in 1930 _________ _______ smaller than our Moon May be classified as an asteroid or comet Pluto _____ moons _____ & ________ _________ (“SHAHR Discovered in 1978 Discovered en”) in 2005 Pluto Revolution 248 years Rotation 6 days ___________ Highly Eccentric Orbit at times closer to the Sun Jan 1979 – Feb 1999 than Neptune Pluto Unique Orbital Inclination Pluto Surface -235 Temperature to -210 °C Composition 70% 30% Rock water ice ________ ___________ launched January 2006 will reach Pluto in 2015 mission