Download The Solar System

The Solar System
Chapter 2
A History of Two Theories
Geocentrism and Heliocentrism
Claudius _________
(2nd century A.D.)
Ptolemaic
System
______________
- idea that __________ is the _____________ of universe
Epic ycles
planets moved in small circle
explained retrograde motion
Epicycles
Nicolaus ___________
(1473-1543)
Copernican
System -
__________ - belief that the ________ ________ revolves around
still incorrectly believed that planets revolved in perfect circles
the ______
Copernican Revolution
Better Explanation of Retrograde Motion
Tycho _________
(1546-1601)
Danish astronomer
_________ __________
at age 16
Tycho Brahe
(1546-1601)
__________
700
_______ ___________
stars
Compiled
first precise, continuous __________ of __________
_________
No
telescope
Brahe’s Model of the Solar System
Johannes ___________
(1 5 7 1 - 1 6 3 0 )
Ardent Copernican
Worked with Brahe briefly
Found
planets don’t move in perfect circles or in epicycles
__ _______ ___ ____ _____ __
Each planet travels in an ___________ orbit with
the sun at one focus
Kepler’s 2nd Law
A line drawn between the sun and a planet (the radius
vector) sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of
Time
____________ – planet is ________ to sun and moves ________
_________ – planet is _________ from sun and moves ________
Kepler’s Third Law
 B y c a l c u l a ti n g
the time it takes a planet to orbit around the
sun, you can also determine its distance to the sun!
Kepler’s Third Law
The
square of the period of revolution of a planet (in years)
is proportional to the cube of the average distance of the
planet from the sun (in astronomical units, AU, the average
sun-earth distance)
Kepler’s Third Law
More
distant a planet is from the Sun the longer it takes to
complete its orbit around the Sun
also
applies to moons, satellites and comets
_________ Galilei
(1564-1642)
_______
Made
______ first _________ in 1609
observations of moon, planets, sun, and stars
added
additional support to the heliocentric model
Galileo’s Telescopes
Sun
_____
billions
________
of others similar to it in Universe
________
_______
99.8% of total
1.4 million km
mass
in diameter
Sun
Temperature
surface 5800 K
core 15.6 billion
K
Composition
______ _________
25% helium
0.1%
metals
Sun
Differential
Rotation
Equator
25.4
days
Poles
36
days
Energy
386
Output
billion billion megawatts/sec
Sun’s Atmopshere
____________
lowest layer
_________ of
5800
the sun
K
______________
lies
above photosphere
___________
__________
_______
_ _______ ___ __________
Appear
intense
on the ____________
_________ _________
______
________ - _____ _______ sunspot cycle
“cool” regions
3800K
First Spotless Month – August 2008
Sun
________
_________
_________ of Sun
extends millions of kilometers into space
________ during _________ __________
Sun
_________
________
Sun
emits a ___________ __________ __________ of _____________
___________ (mostly electrons and protons) throughout the solar system
Sun
________
______
________ ________
_______ _________
Radio interference
Power line surges
Sun
Solar
Loops and Flares
The Planets
______ _____
_________
Small
_________ to the Sun
(4,800 km)
Known
since the Third Millennium B.C. (Sumerians)
Mercury
Visited
by Mariner 10 in 1974-1975
Mercury
Highly
eccentric orbit
perihelion
46
million km
aphelion
70
million km
____ ________
small magnetic field
Mercury
Revolution
Every
88 days
Rotation
3
rotations every 2 revolutions
once
every 59 days
Mercury
_________ _________
Very Tiny Atmosphere
too small to hold gases
high temperatures
Temperature
427 °C
-180 °C
Mercury
Very
dense planet
Iron core
Silicate outer
No
shell
plate tectonics
Many
meteorite craters
View of Mercury
Venus
__________
Planet
__________
__________ orbit
Named
because it is the brightest of all planets
Known
since prehistory
Venus
___________
Interior
shows
and ___________ ______
Planet
phases
Visited
by 20 spacecraft
Venus
Revolution
225
days
Rotation
243 days
___________
_________
___________ motion
Earth’s
Venus
_________ Planet
Earth’s diameter
Earth’s mass
Similar density and chemical composition
95%
80%
Venus
___________
90
atmospheres
same
as pressure at a depth of 1 km in Ocean
Mostly _______
Thick clouds of sulfuric
acid
Venus
____________
_______
Temperature
900
deg F
hot enough to melt lead
hotter than Mercur y
Venus
Plains
No
(continents), mountains, valleys (larger than Earth’s)
magnetic field
____
___________
Venus
Large
Still
shield __________
volcanically active in a few spots
Venus
Pancake
Volcanos
Coronae
Earth
Covered in Chapter 3
______ ______
__________
142
million miles from Sun
“_______
Iron
Planet
_________”
oxide in soil
Mars
Significantly
Eccentric Orbit
Temperature
W inter
-207
Pole
°F
Summer
80
Day Side
°F
Average
= -53 ° F
Mars
Revolution
687
days
Rotation
24
hrs, 37 min
______________
motion
Mars
Spectacular
_________
Terrain
_________
____________
78,000
__________ in __________ __________
feet high
Huge
Canyons
Terraced
Impact
Plateaus
Craters
Mars
Polar
Ice Caps
Dry ice
covers some
underlying water ice
Grow and shrink with seasons
________
________ on Mars in ________ ________
Mars
Evidence
of water erosion
Mars
Atmosphere
Very
thin
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen 3%
Argon
W ater
95%
2%
Oxygen
Vast
dust storms
Mars
_______
moons
________
________
Mars
Phobos
Larger and innermost
orbits twice daily
Mars
Deimos
Smaller
______ ______
_________
Planet
__________
318x
_________ in the solar system
Earth
~483
million miles from the sun
Fourth
brightest
J u p i te r
Revolution
12
years
Rotation
10
hours
___________
Density
1.3
3
________
is a little more than water
3
g/cm 3 vs. 1.0 g/cm 3
J u p i te r
______
90%
10%
________
hydrogen
helium
Radiates
more energy into space that it receives from the sun
J u p i te r
_________
__________
_________ blow in ___________
more than 400 mph
Altitude
correlate with cloud color
blue = lowest
brown and white
red
___________
= middle
= highest
Jupiter loses band
J u p i te r
__________
__________ __________ (GRS)
Known
Oval
for 300 years
 2 x e a rt h
size
High
High
altitude clouds (cooler regions)
pressure region
J u p i te r
Jupiter
has__________
fainter and smaller than Saturn
composed of ver y sm all grains of
rocky material
dark
J u p i te r
_______
moons
4 Galilean moons
Named for figures
in the life of Zeus
___ __
Innermost moon
Molten silicate rock
Lots
of ________
Volcanic Eruption on Io
______ _____
Silicate Rock
Thin outer layer
may
of ice
have liquid water underneath
Exceedingly
Few craters
_________
smooth
________
Europa
_______ _______
____________
larger
__________ in ___________ ___________
than Mercury
Valleys
and mountains
tectonics
___________
Ganymede
Callisto
__________
___________
40%
ice 60% rock/iron
Thin
atmosphere CO2
______ _____
_________
nd
planet
2
largest
9.5
AU from Sun
900
million miles
Saturn
Revolution
29.5
years
Rotation
10
hours
Saturn
Lowest
3
density of all of the planets
0.7 g/cm
it would ___________
Oblate
10%
_____ a bucket of _______
(visibly flattened)
wider at equator
rapid rotation
fluid state
Saturn
Composition
75%
25%
Hydrogen
Helium
water, ammonia, rock
Saturn
Similarities
to Jupiter
Radiates
Bands
less
more energy into space than it receives from the Sun
prominent
Long-lived
ovals
Saturn
_________(6 total)
170,000 miles in diameter
Composition
small
cm
_______ particles
- meter size
Saturn
Thin
1.5
rings
km thick
Saturn
________ moons
_________
________ _______ of Saturn
Thick, opaque atmosphere
mostly nitrogen
trace organic compounds
-290
°F
______ _____
_______
19
planet from Sun
AU
~1800
million miles
Third largest planet
Discovered by William
Herschel in 1781
Uranus
Revolution
84
years
Rotation
10 hours
___________
_________
Each
_____ its ____________
pole receives sunlight for 21 years
Uranus
Composition
Primarily of rock and ices
15% hydrogen and a little
helium
Atmosphere
83%
15%
hydrogen
helium
2% methane
Uranus
_____________
11 known
very dark
rings
Radiates
energy into space
Uranus
__________
moons
Named
from Shakespeare and Pope
Cordeila,
Ophelia, Juliet, Puck, etc..
_______ _______
___________
Observed
___ _________ before being __________
1846
Neptune
__________ Planet
30 AU from the Sun
A
billion miles further than Uranus
Average
-215
Temperature
°C
Neptune
Composition
Primarily of rock and ices
15% hydrogen and a little
helium
Atmosphere
83%
15%
hydrogen
helium
2% methane
Neptune
Radiates
2x more energy than it receives from Sun
Great
700
Dark Spot
mph winds
___________
1250
_________ in ___________ __________
mph
Neptune
____________
Complete
but very dark
_________
moons
_______--_______
_______ of Neptune
T ri t o n
Pluto
________
considered to be __ _________
demoted in August
39.5 AU
3.5
billion miles
Pluto
Clyde
W. Tombaugh discoved Pluto in 1930
_________
_______
smaller than our Moon
May be classified as an
asteroid or comet
Pluto
_____
moons
_____
& ________
_________ (“SHAHR
Discovered in 1978
Discovered
en”)
in 2005
Pluto
Revolution
248
years
Rotation
6
days
___________
Highly
Eccentric Orbit
at times closer to the Sun
Jan 1979 – Feb 1999
than Neptune
Pluto
Unique
Orbital Inclination
Pluto
Surface
-235
Temperature
to -210 °C
Composition
70%
30%
Rock
water ice
________ ___________
launched January 2006
will reach Pluto in 2015
mission