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Chapter 19 Formation of the Solar System 19-1 A Solar System is Born Solar Nebula Dust and gas clump together in a huge interstellar cloud Many light years across Forms beginnings of a new planetary system 19-1 A Solar System is Born Solar Nebula Gravity pulls matter together All mass has gravity Clumps get larger and larger and gravity will increase Pressure pushes apart As cloud warms up particles move faster Pressure will push away from gravity 19-1 A Solar System is Born Solar Nebula Gravity will overcome pressure and cloud will compress Beginning stage of a star Out region will become planets 19-1 A Solar System is Born Planetesimals to Planets Planetesimal When dust collides and sticks together Building blocks of planets Grow from microscopic to boulders to planets 19-1 A Solar System is Born Planetesimals to Planets Planets Giant gas planets attract nebula gases in outer regions Rocky planets don’t grow large and are usually inner planets Are created by collisions by smaller planetesimals 19-1 A Solar System is Born Birth of a Star Pressure becomes so great that hydrogen fusion begins Point where the sun is born 19-1 A Solar System is Born Planetary Motion Rotation Planets spin on their axis Causes one part of the planet to face the sun all of the time Causes day and night 19-1 A Solar System is Born Planetary Motion Orbit Path a planet takes around the sun Also called revolution Period of Revolution Time it takes a planet to go around the sun once 19-1 A Solar System is Born Planetary Orbits First introduced by Johannes Kepler in 1601 Kepler’s 1st Law of Motion Planets do not orbit in circles but orbit in a ellipse Astronomical unit AU 150 million km 19-1 A Solar System is Born Planetary Orbit Kepler’s 2nd Law Planets move faster when they are closer to the sun The planet must move farther around its orbit in the same amount of time 19-1 A Solar System is Born Kepler’s 3rd Law Compares the period of a planet’s revolution with its semimajor axis Proves that knowing the planet’s period of revolution you can calculate the planet’s distance from the sun 19-1 A Solar System is Born Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation States that the force of gravity depends on the product of the masses of the objects divided by the square of the distance between them The farther you are from something the less gravity will pull on you 19-2 The Sun Structure Core At center of the sun Where energy is produced Radius of 200,000 km Temperature of 15,000,000˚C 19-2 The Sun Structure Radiative Zone Very dense region About 300,000 km thick Atoms are so dense it takes millions of years for light to pass through 19-2 The Sun Structure Convective Zone Region about 200,000 km thick Gases circulate in convection currents Hot gas rises and cold gas sinks 19-2 The Sun Structure Photosphere Gases get thick enough to see What we know as the visible surface Only about 600 km thick 19-2 The Sun Structure Chromosphere Thin region below the corona Only 3,000 km Deep, red color that is to faint to see unless there is a total solar eclipse 19-2 The Sun Structure Corona Forms the sun’s outer atmosphere Can extend outward 10-12 times the diameter Gases in corona are so thin that it is only visible during total solar eclipse 19-2 The Sun Energy of the Sun Nuclear Fusion The process by which 2 or more nuclei with small masses join together to form a larger nucleus Produces a lot of energy Normal nuclei repel each other Gravity and temp in core overcome the repelling force 19-2 The Sun Energy of the Sun Nuclear Fusion 3 Steps 2 H nuclei collide to produce deuterium Deuterium combines with a H nuclei to produce He-3 2 He-3 atoms combine to form He-4 Energy is released at each step 19-2 The Sun Sun’s Surface Sunspots Cooler, dark spots on the sun Caused by magnetic fields that slow down the convection zone Solar Flare Giant storms on the surface of the sun Cause the auroras on Earth Chapter 20 A Family of Planets 20-1 The Nine Planets Inner Planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars Terrestrial Planets Small, dense, and rocky Closely spaced 20-1 The Nine Planets Mercury Closest to the sun Distance from sun 3.2 light minutes Period of Rotation 58 Days and 16 Hours Period of Revolution 88 Days Diameter 4,879 km Density 5.43 g/cm3 Surface Temp -173˚ – 427˚ C Surface Gravity 38% of Earth’s 20-1 The Nine Planets Venus 2nd from the sun Distance from Sun 6.0 light minutes Period of Rotation 243 days Period of Revolution 224 days, 17 hours Diameter 12,104 km Density 5.24 g/cm3 Surface Temp 464˚C Surface Gravity 91% of Earth’s 20-1 The Nine Planets Venus Retrograde Rotation Spins in a clockwise rotation when viewed from the poles Atmosphere 90 times the pressure of Earth’s Mostly Carbon Dioxide Creates a massive greenhouse effect 20-1 The Nine Planets Earth Distance from Sun 8.3 light minutes Period of Rotation 23 hours 56 minutes Period of Revolution 365 Days 6 hours Diameter 12,756 km Density 5.52 g/cm3 Surface Temp -13˚ C – 37˚ C Surface Gravity 100% 20-1 The Nine Planets Mars 4th Planet from Sun Distance from Sun 12.7 light-minutes Period of Rotation 24 hours 37 minutes Period of Revolution 1 year 322 days Diameter 6,794 km Density 3.94 g/cm3 Surface Temp -123 - 37˚C Surface Gravity 38% of Earth’s 20-1 The Nine Planets Mars Atmosphere Very Thin Liquid water would boil away Makes a cold planet 20-1 The Nine Planets Mars Water Only in the form of ice Evidance shows a past history of liquid water Dry river beds Polar ice caps 20-1 The Nine Planets Mars Volcanoes 2 large volcanic systems Olympus Mons Largest mountain in the solar system Extinct shield volcano like Hawaii 20-1 The Nine Planets Jupiter 5th from the Sun Distance from Sun 43.3 light minutes Period of Rotation 9 hours 56 minutes Period of Revolution 11 years 313 days Diameter 142,984 km Density 1.33 g/cm3 Temperature -153˚C Gravity 236% of Earth’s 20-1 The Nine Planets Jupiter Largest Planet Gas Giant Very large planets that don’t have any known solid surfaces Made primarily of H and He Also has water, methane, and ammonia Giant Red Spot Long-lasting storm system Has a faint ring system 20-1 The Nine Planets Saturn 6th from the Sun Distance from Sun 1.3 light hours Period of Rotation 10 hours 39 minutes Period of Revolution 29 years 155 days Diameter 120,536 km Density 0.69 g/cm3 Temperature -185˚C Gravity 92% of Earth’s 20-1 The Nine Planets Saturn 2nd largest planet Is believed to be still forming Made of mostly H and He with traces of methane, ammonia, and ethane Large ring system Consist of icy particles ranging from a few cm to several meters 20-1 The Nine Planets Uranus 7th Planet from the Sun Distance from the Sun 2.7 light hours Period of Rotation 17 hours 14 minutes Period of Revolution 83 years 274 days Diameter 51,118 km Density 1.27 g/cm3 Temp -214˚C Gravity 89% of Earth’s 20-1 The Nine Planets Uranus Atmosphere is mainly H and methane Is tipped on it’s side Has a 90 degree tilt Causes one side of the planet to be exposed to sun light and the other in darkness 20-1 The Nine Planets Neptune 8th from the sun Distance from Sun 4.2 light hours Period of Rotation 16 hours 7 minutes Period of Revolution 163 years 265 days Diameter 49,528 km Density 1.64 g/cm3 Temp -225˚C Gravity 112% of Earths 20-1 The Nine Planets Neptune Atmosphere is the same as Uranus Has a very narrow set of rings Has a Great Dark Spot Is a major storm just like on Jupitor 20-1 The Nine Planets Pluto 9th Planet Distance from Sun 5.5 light hours Period of Rotation 6 days 9 hours Period of Revolution 248 years Diameter 2,390 km Density 2.05 g/cm3 Surface Temp -236˚C Surface Gravity 6% of Earth’s 20-1 The Nine Planets Pluto Made of rock and ice with a thin atmosphere of methane It’s moon (Charon) is over half the planet’s size 20-2 Moons Satellites Natural or artificial bodies that revolve around larger bodies like planets Luna The moon of the Earth Surface Has been dated to 4.6 billion years old 20-2 Moons Luna Period of Rotation 27 days 8 hours Period of Revolution 27 days 8 hours Diameter 3,476 km Density 3.34 g/cm3 Surface Temp -170˚C-134˚C Surface Gravity 17% of Earths 20-2 Moons Luna Origins Formation Impact Large body collided with Earth when it was still molten Ejection Debris began to revolve around Earth Formation Material started to clump to form moon 20-2 Moons Phases of the Moon The different appearances of the moon due to changing position Waxing The sunlit fraction we can see is getting larger Waning The sunlit fraction is getting smaller 20-2 Moons Luna Eclipses Occurs when the shadow of one celestial body falls on another Lunar Happens when the Earth comes between the sun and the moon Solar Happens when the moon comes between the Earth and the sun 20-3 Small Bodies in the Solar System Comets Small body of ice, rock, and cosmic dust loosely packed together Known as dirty snowballs Tails Forms when passing by the sun Ion Tail Consists of electrically charged particles Dust Tail Melting ice and dirt 20-3 Small Bodies in the Solar System Comets Orbits Ellipse Ion tail will always point away from the sun 20-3 Small Bodies in the Solar System Asteroids Small, rocky bodies in orbit around the sun Range from a few meters to more than 900 km in diameter Have irregular shapes Orbit the sun 20-3 Small Bodies in the Solar System Asteroids Asteroid Belt Where most asteroids are in our solar system Between Mars and Jupiter 20-3 Small Bodies in the Solar System Asteroids Types Outermost region they are a dark reddish brown to black surface Organic Material Middle have dark gray surface Rich in carbon Innermost have light gray Stony or metallic composition