Download 04-Atoms_ molecules_ ions_etc

Drill:
• Calculate the mass in kg of
material with a density of
7.50 g/mL in a 2.0 m x 500.0
5
mm 4.00 x 10 mm container.
3
• 1 cm = 1 mL
Chapter 2
•Atoms,
Molecules, &
Ions
Atomic Theory
• Elements composed of atoms
• Atoms can’t be changed
• Compounds of multiple atoms
• John Dalton
Conservation of Mass
•In ordinary chemical
reactions, matter can
be neither created nor
destroyed
Constant
Composition
•Compounds contain
elements that are always
in the same proportions
Multiple Proportions
•The elements making
up a compound will
form whole number
ratios
Atom
•The smallest particle that
an element can be broken
down into and still
maintain the properties
of the element
Nuclear Atom
•Proved by
Rutherford & Bohr
in the famous gold
foil experiments
Atomic Composition
•Proton: in the nucleus
•Neutron: in the nucleus
•Electron: outside the
nucleus
Proton
•In Nucleus
•+1 charge
•About 1 amu in mass
Neutron
•In nucleus
•Neutral in charge
•Mass is about 1 amu
Electron
•Outside the nucleus
•-1 in charge
•Negligible mass
about 1/2000 amu
Electron Charge
•Determined by
Robert Milliken in
the famous oil
droplet experiment
Drill: Convert:
1) 23 cm/ms to km/ns
2) 56 mg/nL to kg/ML
Atomic Number
•The number of
protons in an
element
•Z number
Mass Number
•The number of
protons and
neutrons in an atom
•A - number
Nuclear Symbol
•
A
•
•
4
X
Z
He
2
Isotopes
•Atoms that contain the
same number of protons,
but different number of
neutrons
•Z constant, A variable
Atomic Mass
• The weighted average mass of
all the isotopes of an element
• average of relative abundance
x mass number for each
isotope
Periodic Table
•Graphic representation
of all the elements
indicating size, charge,
electronic structure, &
reactivity
Periods
•Rows which
indicate energy
level or shell or
size of the atoms
Groups or Families
•Columns which indicate
the number of electrons
in the outermost energy
level determining
charge & reactivity
Metals
•Left three quarters of
the chart
•Lose electrons
•Become positive
Nonmetals
•Upper right portion
•Gain, lose, or share
electrons when they
react
Metalloids
•Along the stair-stepped
line from B to At
•Share properties of
metals & nonmetals
Radioactivity
•The spontaneous
breakdown of an
unstable nucleus
Radioactive
Decay
•Alpha radiation
•Beta radiation
•Gamma radiation
Alpha Particle
•Helium nucleus
•2 protons & two neutrons
•mass = 4 & charge = +2
•Low penetrating power
Beta Particle
•High speed electron
•Mass = 0 & charge = -1
•Medium penetrating power
Gamma Rays
•High energy
electromagnetic wave
•No mass or charge
•Very high penetrating
power
Drill:
•List & describe
each of the three
radioactive
particles
Compound
•A group of atoms
that are chemically
combined
Molecule
•A compound
that can exist
by itself
Diatomic Molecule
•Two atoms of the same
element that are
chemically combined
•Cl2, F2, O2
Ion
•Charged Particle
-1
•Cl
Polyatomic Ion
•A group of atoms
chemically combined
that together has a charge
-2
•SO4
Binary Compound
•A compound made up of
two elements in any ratio
•NaCl
•Mg3P2
Chemical Formula
•A formula that shows the
number and kinds of
atoms in a compound
•CaCO3
Molecular Formula
•A formula that shows
the number and kinds
of atoms in a molecule
•C6H12O6
Atomic Structure
•List & describe the
three subatomic
particles
Atomic Structure
•Fill in the Chart:
• Isotope protons neutrons electrons
• U-235
• 56
80
• 14
13
Calculate the atomic mass of
the element made up of the
following isotopes:
99.50 % H-1
0.30 % H-2
0.20 % H-3
Calculate the atomic mass of
the element made up of the
following isotopes:
5.0 % Pu-242, 5.0 % Pu-243
80.0 % Pu-244, &
10.0 % Pu-245
Determine the number
of of atoms in each
compound
•C6H12O6 NaNO3
•H3PO4 Al2(SO4)3
List & describe
each of the three
types of radiation
Chapter 2 General
•Define all the Key
Terms on page 48
Nuclear Symbols
•Work problems:
11 - 18
on page 50
Nuclear Symbols
•Work problems:
19 - 24
on page 50
Elements & PT
•Work problems:
27 - 88
on page 51
Nomenclature
•Work problems:
45 - 48
on page 51
Nomenclature
•Work problems:
49 - 54
on page 51
Nomenclature
•Work problems:
55 & 56
on page 52