Download Introduction – Chapter I

Introduction – Chapter I
I. Three main topics in the course
A. Anatomy – study of the structure
B. Histology – study of tissues
C. Physiology - study of the function of the body
1. Cellular - how the individual cell functions
2. Human – the body as a whole
II. The history of medicine
A. Four main eras of medicine
1. Primitive medicine (witch doctors)
2. Ancient medicine
a. Egypt and Babylon – used embalming
b. Greece – home of Hippocrates, father of Medicine
c. Rome – provided purification and sanitation methods
3. Middle Ages (Dark Ages) – no advancement
4. Modern medicine
a. Vesalius – father of study of anatomy
b. Harvey – studied circulation
c. Jenner – smallpox vaccination
d. Pasteur – father of bacteriology
e. Banting and Best – discovered insulin
III. Scientific method
A. Research method
1. Define problem
2. Collect information
3. Form a hypothesis (educated guess)
4. Experiment to test hypothesis
5. Observe results
6. Organize data
7. Record result
8. Form a conclusion
B. Technical method – established procedure
IV. Structure of the human body
A. Cell
1. Structured unit of life
2. Levels or steps in biological organization
a. Cell
b. Tissue
c. Organ
d. Organ system
e. Organism
B. Protoplasm – functional living material
1. Cytoplasm – outside nucleus(contains organelles with living functions)
2. Nucleoplasm – inside nucleus
V.
Characteristics of Life
1. Movement
2. Responsiveness
3 Growth
4. Reproduction
5. Respiration
6. Digestion
7. Absorption
8. Circulation
9. Assimilation-turning molecules that are injested into forms that are compatible
10. Excretion
VI. Metabolism – sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism.
1. Macromocules-protein,carbohydrates.
VII. Requirements of organisms:
1. Water – used in metabolic processes; transports substances
2. Food – substances that provide nutrients(chemicals)
3. oxygen – used to release energy(chemical)
4. Heat – form of energy; product of metabolism
Temperature – measurement of heat present
5. Pressure – application of force on an object
Atmospheric pressure and Hydrostatic pressure
VIII. Homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environment(shiver when cold)
1. Hypothalamus – temperature sensitive area
2. Homeostatic mechanisms work by negative feedback
3. Normal range – standards
IX.
Organization of the Human body:
1. Axial portion – head , neck, trunk
2. Appendicular portion – limbs
X.
Body Cavities
1. Dorsal – Cranial – Brain
Vertebral canal = spinal cavity
2. Ventral – Thoracic – chest
Abdominopelvic – abdominal and pelvic
Diaphragm – separates thoracic from abdominal cavities
3. Mediastinum – in thoracic cavity; contains heart, esophagus, thymus gland
(everything except lungs)
4. Smaller cavities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
XI.
Oral – mouth
Nasal – nose
Orbital – eyes
Middle ear – small bones in ear
Membranes:
1. In thorax –
parietal pleura – line walls of thoracic cavity
“to the side” “lung”
visceral pleura – cover lungs
“organ”
form parietal and visceral pleural membranes which secrete serous fluid
pleural cavity = potential space between membranes
2. Pericardial membranes – surround heart:
visceral pericardium – covers heart surface
parietal pericardium – also surrounds heart
pericardial cavity – potential space between
3. In abdominopelvic cavity:
parietal peritoneum – lines wall of cavity
“to the side” “stretch around”
visceral peritoneium – covers organs
peritoneal cavity – potential space within
XII. Relative position:
1. superior – above
2. inferior – below
3. anterior – ventral – toward the front
4. posterior – dorsal – toward the back
5. medial – midline
6. lateral – to the side; ipsilateral – same side and contralateral – opposite sides
7. proximal – closer to trunk of body
8. distal – further from trunk
9. superficial – near surface
peripheral – outer or near surface
10. deep – more internal
XIII. Body Sections: Terms to describe planes and sections:
1. sagittal – lengthwise cut; makes left and right portions
‘
2. transverse – horizontal – divides into superior and inferior portions
3. coronal – frontal – divides into anterior and posterior portions
4. cross-section – cut across a cylindrical organ
5. oblique section – cut at an angle
6. longitudinal section – cut lengthwise
XIV. Body Regions:
Nine regions:
1. epigastric region – middle portion
2. left and right hypochondrial region – lateral to epigastric
3. umbilical region – central portion
4. left and right lumbar regions – lateral to umbilical
5. hypogastric – lower middle portion
6. left and right iliac regions – lateral to hypogastric
XV. Four regions
1 and 2. Right upper and lower quadrant
3 and 4. Left upper and lower quadrant
XVII. Be sure to study the Organ systems, what they do and which organs are in each
system. This is on pages 14-19 in the text book.