Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Pontic Greeks wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek literature wikipedia , lookup
Battle of the Eurymedon wikipedia , lookup
Historicity of Homer wikipedia , lookup
Spartan army wikipedia , lookup
Athenian democracy wikipedia , lookup
Greco-Persian Wars wikipedia , lookup
Corinthian War wikipedia , lookup
Global Studies I – Chapter 5 Notes (Ancient Greece) Chapter 5 Section 1 Early Greeks and the Rise of City-States The Sea and Land Geography & Greek Life o *Balkan Peninsula: poor soil. o *Surrounded by seas: played very important role o *Fishermen, sailors, traders o Colonies in Med. Sea Geography and Government o *Lack of unity o *Mountain ranges/villages o *Open to invasion from North o *Rivers: short o *City-states instead of Empire Early Greeks o *2000 B.C. earliest Greek civilization. o *Minoans/Island of Crete *Europeans enter Greece Minoans o *King Minos: Ruler of Crete Sailors & Traders Nobles: running water Painted frescoes o *Volcanic Eruption: tidal waves destroyed islands. o *Conquered by Mycenaeans Mycenaeans o *Controlled mainland Greece 1600 – 1200 B.C. o *Clans & Tribes: Warriors o *Linear B Writing: early form of Greek Writing. o *War and earthquakes destroyed most cities by 1200 City-States of Greece o *800 B.C. Polis (City-states) develop. o *Developed around forts (Acropolis). o *Included all land around the city. -Farmland Three Ideas of the Polis o Geographical territory of the city-state o Political and economic independence it produced o Community that it represented Similarities: City-States o *Small areas of land o *Small population 10,000 or less o *Fort on an acropolis (hill) o *Agora (marketplace) o *Language, religion, culture, festivals Differences: City-States o *Politically independent o o Each Polis = own government. *Calendars, money, weights and measures, Laws *Extreme Pride in Polis: willing to die for it Die for nation. Chapter 5 Section 2: Greek Government and Society Greek Culture o *Early on: few could read write. o *Need for Verbal communication *Traveling poets: o Songs, Ballads, Epics Homeric Age o *Homer: blind poet o *700 B.C. – put Oral history into two epics o Did he write these works? o The Iliad *The Iliad: Legend of Trojan War Paris (Troy) and Helen (Mycenaean): Fall in love and sail back to Troy together. Greeks attack Troy The Trojan War *Lasted 10 years. *Greeks: build a wooden horse o hid soldiers inside *Attack: Troy is destroyed. *Achilles: dies in battle o The Odyssey *The Odyssey: Aftermath of Trojan War *Odysseus: Mycenaean King story of his journey home Travels for 10 years *Gods cause problems Purpose of Greek Religion o Explain Nature o Explain emotions that interfered with self-control o Bring benefits to Greeks Greek Religious Beliefs o *Polytheistic o *Did not save Greeks from sin o *Afterlife– not a big concern o Everyone went to gray gloomy underworld Underworld: Neither Punishment/ Reward Greek Religion o *Myths – stories about gods & goddesses o *Mount Olympus: home of the gods Had human qualities Zeus: King of the Gods Greek Gods o *Uranus and Gaea: ruled the Earth o *Overthrown by Children o Cronus/Titans o Feared children: Ate them at birth *Titans: Overthrown by kids Zeus/Olympians Olympic Games *Held every 4 years: Honor Zeus Please the gods Show strength and bravery *776 B.C.- Men only *Boxing, Races, Javelin, Discus, Wrestling *Winners: Received Olive Wreaths City-States o *Kings/Chieftains – ruled o Relied on Aristocrats/Nobles pay for military support kings o *Aristocrats: gained power 700 B.C. kings overthrown by nobles o Nobles/Aristocrats *Aristocracy - “Rule by the Best” Rule by noble class *Control all aspects of life: economy, military, religion, and laws *600 B.C. power weakens o Hoplite *Non-aristocratic soldier Rose to power b/c they could afford weapons *Heavy infantry/long spears Hoplite Formation *Important for city-state defense *Farmers and Hoplite: demand change. o Tyrants *Seized power- had support of the people *650-500 BC: ruled many city-states *Absolute ruler abuses power Evolved into unjust rulers *Overthrown o Democracy *Popular governments set up People can actually rule themselves?!?! *Democracy: rule by the people *Political rights (citizenship) to few *Many cities maintain aristocracy Ex.Sparta o limited by the people o o Chapter 5 Section 3 Beginnings of Sparta *Late 1100s BC: Invaders from North conquered Peloponnesus o -Helots: conquered workers -Sparta: capital Geography of Sparta *Located in valley o -Had walls (Defense) o -Mountainous *Sparta: develops into o rigid, militarized society -Keep Helots in line Spartan Society o Three Social Groups: 1. Equals – descendants of invaders Controlled city-state. Land divided among them. 2. Half Citizens – free, paid taxes, served in army. no political power farmed/traded 3. Helots – slaves (Largest) Spartans decided where they would worked/lived o -hated Spartans Government in Sparta o Two Kings -Home and Military o Council of Elders -60 yrs. Old 28 Men: wealthy aristocrats. Proposed laws and were court. o Assembly: Accepted/Rejected laws passed by Council of Elders o Elected 5 Ephors: 1 year terms Ensured kings followed laws Controlled Education Militaristic Society o *Controlled all citizens o Birth to Death o *Everyone part of military machine o Controlled Helots o Expanded Spartan power o A Spartan Soldier *Birth: examined Unhealthy: left die *Boys: Age 7 go to military Education (military & academics) *Age 18 – 20 trained for war *Age 20 began military service o A Spartan Soldier No: marriage home life Business or trade…….until 30! o ~Love of money corrupt *Eligible for Service until 60 *After 60: work for public good, not private gain. o Spartan Women *Women: strong/raise warriors *Received strict training taught to be devoted to city-state Result of Militaristic Society o ~Unbeatable Army o ~Loss of Freedom o ~Little Science, Literature or Philosophy Created Location of Athens o *Attic Peninsula: lacks fertile land o Sea traders o *Protected from enemies: Inland city Walls o *Built around rocky hill: Acropolis Athenian Society o Three Classes: 1. Athenian Citizens: only Athenian-born MEN had full political rights. 2. Metics: Non-citizens born outside Athens. Artisans or merchants Free/paid taxes Couldn’t participate in politics/own land 3. Slaves: often captured in war ~Necessary to society *Slaves and Metics = over ½ of Athen’s population Early Government o *Monarchy Aristocracy --Land owning citizens held office o Elected 9 Archons: --rulers who served 1 year terms. *Draco: created 1st law code in 621 B.C. (Harsh!) Nobles & Metics vs. Farmers for $$$ Poor sold into slavery. Solon *Archon: Erased debts of poor Outlawed slavery for debt -Freed those who were slaves for debt. *Citizens divided into 4 groups o Richest 2 could hold office o All citizens could vote Peisistratus *546-527 BC: Tyrant ruler of Athens *Supported Lower classes Clashed with nobles *After his son’s rule, nobles returned to power briefly. Athenian Democracy o *Cleisthenes: 507 BC: turned Athens into a Democracy o *10 Tribes: each choose 50 Men Council of 500 – Proposed laws *Assembly had final say on laws *Court jurors chosen from citizens Athenian vs. U.S. Democracy o *Direct Democracy – all citizens participated directly in making decisions o *Representative Democracy – citizens elect representatives to govern for them. Chapter 5 Section 4 Daily Life In Athens Athenian Economy o *Trade –important -Imports – good/service bought from another country (grain) -Exports – sold to another country. (olive oil) o *Farmers: -Terracing: Cutting small level plots of land on hillsides. Home and Family o *Home = Simplicity o *Arranged Marriages *Purpose of Marriage: Reproduce! --Couldn’t afford a child and it was a girl = left to die. Women o *Inferior to Men *Citizens: But NO Property Rights o *Husband’s Permission: to go in public. o *Duties: -Manage household and slaves -Raise children Pedagogue o *Male slave who cared for boys over 7 -Taught manners -Escorted boy everywhere *Girls stayed at home o -Learned household skills Education o *Literacy greatly valued *Various Subjects: -Reading, writing, music, gymnastics -Healthy body + mind o *Sophists: opened schools for older boys. Learned: -Ethics: good and bad -Rhetoric: speaking and debating Military Service o *1 year training at age 18 o *Citizens with Armor and weapons formed: -Hoplites – center of infantry *Poor men – flanks -Citizens –rowed warships Chapter 5 Section 5 The Expansion of Greece The Persian Wars o *500 B.C. – Greeks vs. Persians o *Greeks in Asia Minor rebel -Athens: helps Greeks o *Darius: Persian Ruler -Crushes Greeks -Wants to punish Athens: Control mainland o 494 B.C. Battle of Marathon *Athenians stop Persian invasion *Conflict continues until 490 BC *10 years of uneasy peace. Second Persian Invasion o *Xerxes: Persian Leader o *480 Invades Greece o *Battle of Thermopylae: *300 Spartans stop Persians Spartans refuse to surrender All 300 die: allowed for other Greek city states to prepare o Themistocles *Athenian leader: Creator of Greek navy *Evacuates Athens. o *Battle of Salamis: turning point Greeks destroy Persian fleet *479 BC – Athens & Sparta defeat Persians at Plataea Ends war. Result of Persian Wars o *Persians remain a threat o *Sparta: Wanted Greeks to unite under their rule. -Fear of Helot revolt prevents this. *Athens: forms Delian League -Alliance of 140 city-states. -Athens build empire around the League. Age of Pericles o Athenian leader: 461-429 BC o *Golden age of Athens o *Athenian democracy reached its height. o *Built the Parthenon and Acropolis o *Stability and prosperity o *Use navy to keep Persians out o Democracy under Pericles *Male citizens could hold office Except lowest class Officeholders: o Paid o Chosen by lot (No advantage) o *No women involvement o Pericles and the Delian League *D.L.- gains protection but loses independence. *Athenian gov’t made all decisions *Moved the Treasury to Athens. *Resentment towards Athens Peloponnesian War o *War between Sparta & Athens 431 B.C. o *Causes: Old Rivals Sparta upset over Athens control of the Delian League. o *Sparta –> Army Athens –> Navy *Siege of Athens o Lasted 27 years o Plague broke out in Athens Finally Blocked Athens food supply *Sparta wins: Athens=2nd rate power *Greek political society becomes unstable