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VERBS
Action Verbs
– a word that expresses ACTION!!!
There are two types of action verbs:
physical actions and
mental / emotional actions
Physical Actions
• Actions you can SEE
dive
taste
construct
speak
explore
discuss
soar
observe
return
compose
travel
sleep
Mental / Emotional
Actions
• Actions you CANNOT see (inside
the brain)
hope
learn
attempt
remember
think
love
forget
enjoy
expect
frighten need
imagine
appreciate
• I raced to the store.
• I thought about a friend.
Direct Object…
• Receives the action of the verb
• Answers the question of
• Who?
• What?
*Will be AFTER the ACTION verb.
*NEVER in a prepositional phrase!!!
• During the race, he passed the
baton. (what?)
• Julie dug a hole.
(what?)
• Bubba kissed Suzie. (who?)
• He jumped the ramp.
• She loves him.
Transitive Verbs
• Have a direct object
• If there is a direct object then it
has a TRANSITIVE VERB!!!
ie: During the race, he passed the
baton. = TRANSITIVE VERB
Intransitive Verbs
• Does NOT have a direct object.
ie: During the race, he passed fast.
Indirect Object
“In the Middle”
A noun or pronoun that answers the
question:
– To Whom?
– For Whom?
– To What?
– For What?
“In the Middle”
• Action Verb ~ Indirect Obj ~ Direct Obj
1st
3rd
2nd
** In order to have an indirect object there
must be a direct object!!!
How to find indirect objects…
1. What is the subject?
~ subject
2. What is the (subj) doing?
~ verb
3. What/Who is (subj) (verb)ing?
~ direct object
4. To/For Whom is (subj) (verb)ing (do)?
(To/For What)
~ indirect object
• Sue threw her teammate the
ball. Then they won the game!
Linking Verbs
• Connect the subject of a sentence
with a predicate noun or predicate
adjective
• After the verb
• Tells what the subject IS or IS LIKE
• DOES NOT express action
Joe is sleepy.
(What is Joe? Sleepy. Predicate adjective)
Jamie is a young doctor.
(What is Jamie? Doctor. Predicate
noun)
Pigs are his favorite animals.
Our boys and girls are noisy.
Linking Verbs
* seem
* look
* grow
* turn
* become
* sound
* taste
* remain
* feel
• appear
* smell
* forms of the verb BE (next slide)
“The Eight Never Fail”
Linking Verbs
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
have, has, had
Forms of be:
* am being
* are being
* is being
* was being
* were being
* can be
* could be
* may be
* might be
* must be
* shall be
* should be
* will be
* would be
( more)
*have been
*has been
*had been
*could have been
*may have been
*might have been
* must have been
*shall have been
* should have been
* will have been
*would have been
• Helpful Hint:
– To find out if you have an Action or
Linking Verb:
• Replace the verb with either:
– Is/are (present tense) or
– Was/were (past tense)
– The class grew quiet.
» The class is quiet. Yes-then linking.
– The farmer grew vegetables.
» The farmer is vegetables. No-action
Predicate Nouns &
Predicate Adjectives
1st look for the linking verb
or
the action that the subject’s
performing (if action verb = no
predicate noun/predicate adjective)
2nd look for what is being linked to
the subject.
• Predicate Noun ~
a noun that follows the linking
verb ~
~ it RENAMES, IDENTIFIES the
subject
I am a collector of rubber ducks.
• Predicate Adjective ~
an adjective that follows the
linking verb
~ DESCRIBES the subject
Dogs are sometimes dangerous.
Action Verb (as a linking verb)
• When the subject of the sentence
IS performing an action (the verb)
= then it is an action verb not a
linking verb.
ie.
Candy feels the water. (Action verb, action performed)
The water feels cold. (Linking verb, no action
performed)
• Ask: Is the subject doing the verb?
• If yes = It is an Action Verb
• If no = It is a Linking Verb
Helping Verbs
~ a verb(s) that “assists” another
verb
~ verb(s) that are added BEFORE
another verb (main verb) to
make a verb phrase
• Some forms of be used as helping
verbs:
Helping Verbs
am
has been
was being
could have been
will have been
Main Verbs
growing
warned
told
reminded
waiting
• Some other common verbs are
also used as helping verbs:
do
have
would will
does
has
shall
did
had
should must
can
might could
may
• He has been waiting for a new
book.
Verb Phrases
• Verbs have 4 basic forms called
principle parts.
• Present ~ talk
• Present Participle ~ talking
• Past ~ talked
• Past Participle ~ talked
• Often a principal part of a verb is
combined with a helping verb to
form a verb phrase.
• In a verb phrase the word that
names the main action is called the
MAIN VERB.
– Dr. Evans can explain much about
skateboards.
– The class may ask questions later.
• Remember: Where are helping
verbs added?
• Verb Phrase ~ can have one,
two, or three helping verbs
BEFORE the main part of the
verb
• The forms of the verbs:
– be,
– do, and
– have
can be used as main verbs or helping
verbs.
Is that clear?
Joe is speaking?
Who did that?
We did remember.
• Sometimes a verb phrase is
interrupted by other words. Then
we need to ignore those words!
Does Dr. Evans study the wheels of the
skateboards?
She has recently studied Tony Hawk.
Haven’t you ever wondered how many bones
he has broken?
**Words NEVER part of the verb:
NOT, certainly, seldom
4 Principle Parts of Verbs
•
•
•
•
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
• He walks toward us in a hurry.
(present)
• June is walking behind us. (pr
part)
• They walked to the park. (past)
• We have walked three miles in
search of our friends. (past part)
Regular Verbs
• The past and past participle of a regular
verb are formed by adding “ed” or “d”
to the present form.
Present
Present
Participle
Past
Past
Participle
chirp
(am) chirping
chirped
(have) chirped
hover
(am) hovering
hovered
(have) hovered
move
(am) moving
moved
(have) moved
charge
(am) charging
charged
(have) charged
Irregular Verbs
• The past and past participle forms
do not follow the “ed” or “d”
pattern.
• Look at pages 495 & 496
Verb Tenses
• Past Tense
• I looked.
Present Tense
- I look. She looks. They look.
Future Tense
-I will look. I shall look.
Perfect Tenses
• Made up of a form of have used as
a helping verb and the past
participle form of the main verb
(ed).
• Present perfect ~
– A verb names an action that
happened at an indefinite (not clearly
defined) time in the past
or
~ names an action that started in
the past and is still happening.
has have
*Meg has collected books about
sharks for years.
• Past perfect ~
– Names an action that has happened
before another past action or event.
had
Meg had feared sharks before she
studied them.
• Future Perfect ~
– Names an action that will be
completed BEFORE another action
or event in the future.
will have
Meg will have completed her
report by Friday.
Progressive Verbs
• To continue
• An Additional tense which expresses
continuing action or state of being.
ing
ing
ing
ing
ing
and a helping verb
ing
ing
Past Progressives
• Helping Verbs:
– Was / Were
– He was living in a city by the sea.
Present Progressives
• Helping Verbs:
– am / is / are:
– She is living on a beach.
• Is it …
•
•
•
•
They visit.
He was helping.
We are leaving.
They liked bikes.
Subject / Verb Agreement
• A Verb MUST agree with its
Subject in number.
• If subject is SINGULAR ~ the verb
must be singular!
• If verb is PLURAL ~ the subject
must be …
Plural!
• Most plural NOUNS have ~s or es
– Cats, dogs, girls, boys, houses
The cats jump around a lot.
• Most singular VERBS have ~s
– Jumps, dives, swims, dances, skips
This cat jumps around a lot.
*Remember to ignore prepositional
phrases- even if they come in
between the subject and verb!
Compound Subjects
and Verb Agreement
• 2 or more SINGULAR SUBJECTS
joined by OR or NOR must have a
singular verb.
• 2 or more PLURAL SUBJECTS
joined by OR or NOR must have a
plural verb.
• Singular:
– Either the turkey or the stuffing is
cooking.
Plural:
-Neither the potatoes nor the peas
are done.
• When the singular and plural
subjects are joined by OR or NOR,
the verb MUST agree with the
CLOSER subject.
– Singular: Neither the lights nor the
wreath is in the box.
– Plural: Neither the wreath nor the
lights are in the box.
• A compound subject joined by
AND is usually plural and MUST
have a PLURAL verb.
– The boy and girl are waiting for the
parade.
– The boys and girls are waiting for the
parade.
– The boys and girl are waiting for the
parade.
Exceptions!!!
• 1.
– If the parts of the compound are
considered a single unit – then it is
singular and must have a singular
verb.
• Bacon and eggs is a very popular
breakfast.
(Bacon & eggs = one breakfast)
• 2. If Every and Each are used
before the compound subject –
MUST have a singular verb.
– Every town and village celebrates.
Personal Pronouns and
Agreement
• Personal pronouns MUST agree
with their antecedents in person,
number, and gender.
What is wrong with these sentences?
Mary likes cats. Its favorite is Bubba.
A teacher likes teaching their students.
• Mary likes cats. Her favorite is Bubba.
• A teacher likes teaching his or her
students.
• If using 2 or more singular
antecedents joined by OR or NOR
– MUST have a singular pronoun.
– Either Becca or Megan will take her
backpack.
• If compound antecedent is joined
by AND – MUST have plural
pronoun.
– Becca and Megan will take their
backpacks.
• Remember all those indefinite
pronouns? – You need to know
them now!
• Always Singular: anyone,
everyone, someone, anybody,
everybody, somebody, each, either
– Each of the banners is blue.
-Everyone in the first five rows was
delighted.
• Always Plural: both, few, many,
others, several
– Few have chosen a gift yet.
– Many are waiting until they finish
reading.
• Some can be singular or plural: all,
any, more, most, none, some
• You need to use context clues to figure
it out!
• Some of the milk is frozen.
• Some of the cookies are frozen, too.
Irregular Verbs
Troublesome Verbs
• did, done ~ only use done with
helping verbs such as have or has.
• I have done all my studying.
• I did all my studying.
• gone, went ~ only use gone with
helping verbs such as have or has.
Went is the past of go and never has a
helping verb.
• The Martins have gone on vacation.
• Sue went with them.
• raise, rise ~ raise is usually followed by a
direct object. It means “to lift,” “to build,”
“to grow,” “to increase,”
raise, raising, raised
• Rise is NOT followed by a direct object. It
means “to get up,” “to go up,” “to be
increased”
rise, rising, rose, risen.
• We raised our dog to obey rules.
• The moon will rise at 8:00pm.
• saw, seen ~ use seen with a helping verb
such as have or has. Otherwise use saw.
• We saw a great game. We have seen them before.
Commas
USE COMMAS:
1. To separate independent clauses
(sentences) when joined by any of
these conjunctions:
and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet
• i.e. The game was over, but the crowd refused to
leave.
•
Yesterday was her brother’s birthday, so she took
him out to dinner.
2. After introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or
c) words that come before a main clause
i.e. a) common starter words: after, although, as, because,
if, since, when, while.
a)While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door.
•
Because her clock was broken, she was late for
class.
• b) Having finished the test, he left the room.
•
To get a seat, you’d better come early.
• c)Common introduction words: yes, however, well
(interjections)
•
Well, perhaps he meant no harm.
•
Yes, the package should arrive tomorrow.
4. To separate 3 or more words, phrases, or
clauses in a series.
5. To separate 2 or more coordinate adjectives
that describe same noun
• Coordinating adjective: adjective with equal status;
neither is subordinate.
Ask: Does sentence make sense if reverse adjective?
Does sentence make sense if adjectives are written
with and between them?
•
I.e. He was a difficult, stubborn child.
Your cousin had an easy, happy smile.
•
Not: They lived in a white frame house.
She often wore a gray wool shawl.
6. Near end of sentence to separate contrasted
elements or indicate a pause.
I.e. He was merely ignorant, not stupid.
The chimpanzee seemed reflective,
almost human.
7. To set off all geographical names, items in
dates, addresses, and titles in names.
I.e. Birmingham, Alabama, gets its name from
Birmingham, England.
July 22, 1959, was a momentous day in his life.
Rachel B. Lake, MD, will be the speaker.
8. To shift between main sentence and
quotation.
I.e. John said without emotion, “I’ll see you
tomorrow.”
“I was able,” she answered, “to complete the
assignment.”
9. Wherever necessary to prevent possible
confusion or misreading.
I.e. Let us eat Grandma.
Let us eat, Grandma.
To Brittany spears are dangerous.
To Brittany, spears are dangerous.
10. To set off a noun or direct address.
I.e. Sue, tell me about your trip.
Tell me, Sue, about your trip.