Download myDNA

Green Genes: DNA Project
Workshop Presentation
Group Leaders & Teachers may also opt to use this presentation with
with their group and it will be made available on CD and for downloading
off the Web.
Adapted with permission from Dr. Molly Fitzgerald Hayes &
Dr. Frieda Reichsman from their “MyDNA K12 Teachers Workshop”
in 2002.
From“MyDNA K12 Teacher Workshop”
to “Green Genes: a DNA project”
UMass MyDNA Class
Frieda
People in the Five College
Learning in Retirement Program…
Molly
Most Cells
…Isolate Their Own DNA!
Green Genes: a DNA Project
Have fun With DNA!
Learn About Your DNA, Genes and the Human Genome
Read and understand DNA language
Discover YOUR “Book of Life”- the genome Master Plan
Understand the power and potential of DNA, genes and genomes
In the Green Genes: DNA project Workshop
Youth Development Professional & Volunteers
Will:
Find out about awesome and revealing information
discovered about the human genome.
Participate in exciting, safe and affordable,
hands-on learning activities appropriate for
Afterschool and the classroom.
Learn about user-friendly on-line DNA molecules
.
What is the Human Genome?
What is the Human Genome Project?
The HUMAN GENOME:
• DNA encoding all human genetic information
• “Master Plan” for the human organism
• The Body’s Master Plan
The HUMAN GENOME PROJECT:
• An international effort to create a complete record of the
human “Master Plan”:
1) Sequence the order of the letters (list of instructions)
2) Map the “landmarks” (physical locations, blueprint)
National Human Genome Research Institute
www.nhgri.nih.gov
SV40 VIRUS
What are the Goals of the Human Genome Project?
•Determine every single letter (base) in
our genome DNA (in order).
•Read the DNA letters to form the words
in our genome instructions (genes).
•Locate the instructions (genes, 5%) in
the books (chromosomes).
• Store the information in databases.
•Develop tools for data analysis.
•Address the ethical, legal, and social
issues arising from the HGP (3%-5% of
the budget).
The Genome Instructions
The Human Genome: instruction book for making a human
•YOUR genome is like a vast set of books comprising a specific
Master Plan for creating YOU. For example,
•Blue eyes
•Brown hair
•The HUMAN Genome is the generalized Master Plan. For example,
•Eyes (not the specific color or shape)
•Hair (not the specific color or texture)
•The Genome/Master Plan is written in a molecular
language, using DNA instead of paper and ink.
•The foremost goal of the Human Genome Project was to
“read” and record every letter (base) of the Human
Master Plan.
Medical Benefits from Genome Research
• Better disease diagnosis
• Early detection of genetic diseases
• Gene therapy treatments
• Detection and cures for cancer
• Targeted drug designs
• Control systems for drug delivery
• Personalized treatments and cures
• Customized drugs
Other Applications of the Human Genome Project
DNA Science Has a Huge Impact on Many Diverse Fields
•Anthropology: Where Did Modern Human Ancestors Come From?
•Archeology: Cloning mummy DNA!
•Bio-History: Using DNA to Understand the Past!
•The Tell-Tale Heart: DNA Identifies Son of
King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette
•Bio-Terrorism and Anthrax
•Law, Justice, and The Innocence Project
•DNA Privacy and Genetic Discrimination
•Lawsuit: Can They Make You Share Genetic Secrets?
•Pharmacogenetics: Medicine Prescribed by Your DNA!
•Genetically Modified Crops
•Genome Music
•Gene Therapy
•Biomedical Ethics
Our DNA Story
Variations on the Human Theme!
People look very different from each other,
yet, we all have features in common.
Traits are Variations on the Human Theme
Human traits are human characteristics that can vary.
Simple traits:
•Eyes: Blue, brown, green, etc.
•Earlobes: attached, free
Complex traits:
•Susceptibility to a disease
Your traits are inherited from your biological parents via genes!
Genes are Physical Elements Responsible for Inherited Traits
Genes are made of DNA:
•Genes determine your traits and influence your development
•Genes are the means of passing on your traits to your
biological children
As a child develops from a fertilized egg:
•Genes direct development
•When genes act, they are said to be “expressed”
•Traits are the result of gene expression.
What Genes Can and Can’t Do!
Genes Can….
• control traits (hair color, eye color, skin color, etc.)
• cause disease (sickle cell, hemophilia, cancer, etc.)
• influence personality, talents, weaknesses, hobbies, likes, dislikes
• increase risk for heart disease, stroke, alcoholism, Alzheimer’s, etc.
Genes Can’t…
• make your decisions for you
• force you to be a criminal or do things against your will
• excuse poor life choices or lack of personal responsibility
Genes ALWAYS…
• work together with your environment
Example: genes for growth are influenced by nutrition
The Human Genome is Your Body’s Master Plan!
Your Genome Master Plan has:
• A list of parts needed to make a unique person, YOU!
• Genes with specific instructions for each part needed
• Genes written in a coded DNA language
DNA
• 46 “books” called chromosomes!
Chromosomes:
46 Books of Life!
The Human Genome: A Molecular Instruction Book
Master Plan
Genome
1
Books/Volumes
Chromosomes
23
Instructions
Genes
30,000
Words
Codons
1 billion
Letters
Bases (DNA)
3 billion
Introduction to DNA “Language”
English Language Books
• Written on paper
• 26 characters
• Words of varying length
• Punctuation marks
DNA Language “Books”
• Written on DNA
• 4 characters
• Three letter words
• Special words
The four characters of DNA are A,C,G, and T.
They stand for four chemical constituents of DNA:
•Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine.
An example of one “strand” of DNA (one DNA molecule):
AGCCGTTTTATACGCGTAGTCAGTCGTAGCTCGAGCAAATTA
Adapted from “Genome” by Matt Ridley, Perennial Books, NY
DNA “Language” is Written
Between the DNA Strands
DNA letters are strung together in chains, and are
attached along the DNA backbone.
Two DNA strands wrap around each other in a
spiral shape called a double helix.
Each chromosome contains one pair of
extremely long DNA strands, twisted in a
double helix.
Two strands = Double helix
DNA Double Helix
DNA Base-Pairing Carries a Message
The MOST INGENIOUS feature of DNA:
•A likes to pair with T
DNA Strand #1
•C likes to pair with G
The DNA strands in a helix are complementary.
DNA Strand #2
The DNA language contained in a gene is
always read only from one DNA strand at a time.
G - C
C - G
G - C
Introduction to DNA “Language”
• The four bases in DNA are “letters” in the genetic code:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Ignoring the 3D structure of DNA, the code can be written linearly
• The sequence (exact order) of the “letters” holds their meaning
Follow the Arrow
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
GTGGTCTTCAGGAC
CACCAGAAGTCCTG
#1
#2
Introduction to DNA “Language”
• The four bases in DNA are “letters” in the genetic code:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Ignoring the 3D structure of DNA, the code can be written linearly
• The sequence (exact order) of the “letters” holds their meaning
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
GTGGTCTTCAGGAC
CACCAGAAGTCCTG
#1
#2
Introduction to DNA “Language”
• The four bases in DNA are “letters” in the genetic code:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Ignoring the 3D structure of DNA, the code can be written linearly
• The sequence (exact order) of the “letters” holds their meaning
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
GTGGTCTTCAGGAC
CACCAGAAGTCCTG
#1
#2
Introduction to DNA “Language”
• The four bases in DNA are “letters” in the genetic code:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Ignoring the 3D structure of DNA, the code can be written linearly
• The sequence (exact order) of the “letters” holds their meaning
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
GTGGTCTTCAGGAC
CACCAGAAGTCCTG
#1
#2
Introduction to DNA “Language”
• The four bases in DNA are “letters” in the genetic code:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Ignoring the 3D structure of DNA, the code can be written linearly
• The sequence (exact order) of the “letters” holds their meaning
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
GTGGTCTTCAGGAC
CACCAGAAGTCCTG
#1
#2
Introduction to DNA “Language”
• The four bases in DNA are “letters” in the genetic code:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Ignoring the 3D structure of DNA, the code can be written linearly
• The sequence (exact order) of the “letters” holds their meaning
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
GTGGTCTTCAGGAC
CACCAGAAGTCCTG
#1
#2
Introduction to DNA “Language”
• The four bases in DNA are “letters” in the genetic code:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Ignoring the 3D structure of DNA, the code can be written linearly
• The sequence (exact order) of the “letters” holds their meaning
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
GTGGTCTTCAGGAC
CACCAGAAGTCCTG
#1
#2
Introduction to DNA “Language”
• The four bases in DNA are “letters” in the genetic code:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Ignoring the 3D structure of DNA, the code can be written linearly
• The sequence (exact order) of the “letters” holds their meaning
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
DNA STRAND #1
DNA STRAND #2
Etc…
GTGGTCTTCAGGAC
CACCAGAAGTCCTG
#1
#2
Genes Store and Send Your DNA Master Plan
Your Genes are Written in Four DNA Letters A,
Nucleus
T, G, C
The nucleus READS the genes and sends
INSTRUCTIONS that tell the CELL what to do.
Cell makes protein parts that assemble into the
molecular machines that do the work in the
cell!
Protein Chains Fold to Make Functional 3D Proteins
DNA:
Protein:
GTC TTC
AGG CCA AAT TTT GTC GCG CCA GGA ATT
Amino acid chain folds to
make a 3D protein
Proteins are Very Versatile:
• Enzymes:
machines that do the work of
the cell
• Structural Proteins:
determine shape and layout of
the cell
A mis-folded protein
will not do its job!
Human proteins have
20 different amino
acid building blocks
Different Protein Chains Fold to Make Proteins
with Different 3D Shapes and Biological Functions
Protein #1
Protein #2
Protein #3
Protein #2
Protein #1
Human proteins have
20 different amino
acid building blocks
Protein #3
How Big is the Human Genome?
Each human genome has 3.2 billion DNA letters
= 3,200,000,000 = 3.2 x 109
How BIG is 3.2 billion?
• 200 New York City telephone books
• 800 Bibles
• 3 Gigabyte computer hard drive
• a person typing 60 words/minute for 8 hours/day
would take more than 50 years to type all the letters
in the human genome DNA
• end-to-end the DNA in one human cell will extend
almost 6 feet long
There is More to Our Genome Than Just Genetic Information!
What Does It Say?
Master Plan
Genome
1
Books/Volumes
Chromosomes
23
Instructions
Genes
30,000
Words
Codons
1 billion
Letters
Bases (DNA)
3 billion
Surprise! 98% of Human Genome DNA is Gibberish!!
Gibberish DNA sequences are not genes.
They can be read, but are not yet understood by us!
Compare Any Two Human Genomes:
They are 99.9% Identical!
Look around the room and see how different we all
look. Then compare two human genomes:
•The DNA letters are almost the identical order
(sequence) between any two human genomes!
•A very small number (0.1%) of the DNA letters differ
between any two human genomes.
•What about identical twins?
Genome Facts: NOVA Online
Activity #1: Alphabet Traits
Alphabet Traits: DNA Fingerprinting
1. Enter your traits in the grid above, selecting them from the list below.
(See Example on next page)
Sex - male or female
Eye color – blue, brown, hazel, or green
Ear Lobes – free or attached
Hairline – widows peak or no widows peak
Little finger – bent or straight
Chin – dimples or no dimples
Tongue – roller or nonroller
Skin – freckles or no freckles
Spelling counts !!! Please proofread !
PLEASE DO NOT SKIP SPACES BETWEEN WORDS
You should have one continuous set of traits, something like this:
Alphabet traits Page two
FF E M A L E B L U E A T T A C H E D W I D O W S P E A K B E
N T D I M P L E S R O L L E R F R E C K L E S
N
2. Cut out your traits along the heavy black lines and then tape them together
end to end. You should have one long strip with all your trait words in a row, no
spaces between any letters. Cut off and discard any empty boxes at the end.
3. Now, cut your traits between the following letters.Cut only when the letters
occur in the order shown, not the reverse order:
E-M
T-T
O-F
E-E
S-P
F-R
B-R
G-H
N-R
E-N
O-D
E-W
4. Arrange your cut traits by length on the Size Sorting Template. Compare with
your classmates!
Adapted from: Iowa Academy of Science,
http://ists.pls.uni.edu/biomes-geomes/biomes/PDF/sentencesplittingDNA.pdf
YOUR DNA: Your Ultimate Genetic Bar Code
Activity #1: Alphabet Traits:
•the students individual physical traits are used to
•make specific strings of English language letters that
•are cut into patterns of shorter strips
•these patterns can specifically identify individual people
DNA Fingerprinting is a method where:
•a person’s genetic traits, genes, are used to
•make specific strings of DNA letters that
•are cut into patterns of shorter strings separated by length
•these banding patterns can identify a unique human being!
YOUR DNA Banding
Pattern Will Identify
YOU!
www.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/dnaintro.html
Image of a DNA fingerprint
Compare Any Two Human Genomes:
They are 99.9% Identical!
Look around the room and see how different we all look.
Then compare two human genomes:
•The DNA letters are almost the identical order
(sequence) between any two human genomes!
•A very small number (0.1%) of the DNA letters
differ between any two human genomes.
Small DNA differences can identify individuals as unique.
•Except for identical twins!
Genome Facts: NOVA Online
Maybe You Shouldn’t Believe Your Eyes!
DNA Fingerprinting Reveals The Truth!
DNA Fingerprinting has
exonerated people who
were falsely convicted.
What is the most common
error leading to wrongful
conviction?
Mistaken
Eyewitness
Identification!
Awesome Power: The Innocence Project:
DNA MIGHT SET YOU FREE!
Started by O.J. Dream Team Lawyers
•Use power of DNA Fingerprinting to
“confirm” selected trial verdicts.
•Have freed over 100 prisoners who were
wrongfully convicted.
•Even some Death Row inmates exonerated!
•http://www.innocenceproject.org/
Activity #2: Swish and Spit to Isolate Your Own DNA!
SWISH AND SPIT EXPERIMENT
BEFORE YOU START We WILL DEMO
NOVA Cracking the Code of Life Home Web Site:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/
NOVA Swish and Spit Activity Site:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/2809_genome.html
Make Your Own Genome DNA
The Swish and Spit Human DNA Isolation Experiment
HERE WE GO!
• People will work in PAIRS today.
• Each pair will process ONLY ONE DNA sample at a time.
• Everyone will isolate her own DNA by the end of class.
CHECK:
Make sure you have these supplies BEFORE YOU START THE EXPERIMENT!
Each PERSON Should Have:
1 plastic cup with 10 ml salt solution (0.9%) [Marked: SALT]
1 large tube with 5 ml detergent (25%) [Marked: SOAP]
CHECK that you can READ the markings on the tubes or cups.
Swish and Spit Human DNA Isolation Steps 1 and 2:
Harvest Your Cells, Please!
Experimental Procedure: STEP 1 and STEP 2
• Be sure to follow the instructions carefully.
• If you make a mistake, No problem.
• ASK for help right away!
WAIT!
WE WANT EVERYONE TO START AT THE SAME TIME!
1. Pour the ENTIRE contents of the PLASTIC CUP marked SALT into
your mouth.
SWILL the salt solution around inside your mouth for about
30 SECONDS.
2. SPIT the SALT solution back into the PLASTIC CUP marked SALT.
Swish and Spit Human DNA Isolation Steps 3 and 4:
Put the Cells into the SOAP: Why?
Experimental Procedure: STEP 3 and STEP 4
3. Carefully POUR the contents of the plastic cup (SALT)
into the LARGE screw cap test tube marked SOAP.
4. CAP the tube with the screw cap so that it is securely closed.
GENTLY TILT the SOAP tube side-to-side for 3 MINUTES.
IMPORTANT:
DO NOT SHAKE THE SOAP TUBE! NO BUBBLES, PLEASE!
Swish and Spit Human DNA Isolation Steps 5 and 6
Experimental Procedure: STEP 5 and STEP 6
5. OPEN the SOAP tube and hold it at a
slightly TILTED angle.
CAREFULLY POUR the COLD ethanol (ETOH)
from ONE small screw cap tube down the
INSIDE WALL of the SOAP tube.
ETHANOL
(ETOH)
SOAP
The COLD ethanol (ETOH) SHOULD FORM A
LAYER on TOP of the SOAP
6. Set the ETOH/SOAP tube into a rack on the desk for 1 (ONE) MINUTE
Swish and Spit Human DNA Isolation Step 7:
Spool The Stuff Of Life…
Experimental Procedure: STEP 7
7. CAREFULLY place the wooden stick
into the top, ETOH layer but NOT INTO
THE SOAP LAYER.
ETHANOL
(ETOH)
INTERFACE
SLOWLY stir in ONE DIRECTION.
DO NOT MIX the SOAP layer with the TOP layer!!!!
SOAP
YOU ARE TRYING TO WIND LONG DNA STRANDS AROUND THE STICK
(ALTHOUGH YOU PROBABLY CAN’T SEE THE DNA YET)
Swish and Spit Human DNA Isolation Step 8:
See the DNA?
Experimental Procedure: STEP 8
8. Slowly stir the glass rod in the TOP layer for several minutes.
Remove the glass rod from the ETOH/SOAP tube and place
it into the SECOND small screw cap tube of ethanol (ETOH).
You should begin to see the DNA strands winding onto the stick by now.
GENTLY dislodge the clumps of DNA from the stick and
CAREFULLY transfer to the SECOND (ETOH) tube.
CAN YOU SEE YOUR DNA????
Activity #3: Build a DNA Model from Paper Parts!
Make Your Own DNA Model!
•Please work in pairs.
1. Make the building blocks of DNA - NUCLEOTIDES
A. Cut out the patterns for 10 bases, 20 sugars, and 20 phosphates.
B. Tape a chemical base to a sugar molecule by matching up the dots.
C. Tape a phosphate group the sugar by matching up the stars.
2. Make 10 nucleotides.
3. Lay out a double-stranded DNA molecule using your 10 nucleotides--
DO NOT TAPE YET!!!
4. Have your model checked before proceeding to step 5.
5. Tape your model together.
6. Tape your model to another model.
7. Twist carefully, hang it up where everyone can admire it!
http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/departments/isa/ninvest/dogma/ballesson.htm
Workshop Resources
MyDNA Public Web Site: http://www.bio.umass.edu/biochem/mydna/
Frieda Reichsman’s Web Site: MoleculesInMotion.com
Cold Spring Harbor DNA Learning Center: http://www.dnalc.org/
National Human Genome Research Institute: Genome Hub
http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10001674
NCBI PubMed (Free access to 12 million MEDLINE citations at National
Library of Medicine): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi
MyDNA Course (Spring 2002) Website:
http://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/courses/spring2002/biochm/biochm193a/syllabus.phtml
Ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) of HGP. Created by Phil
Tompkins (Five College Learning in Retirement Program, Amherst, MA).
http://www.pdindex.org/lir.htm
NOVA: Cracking the Code of Life: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/
References for Hands On Activities
Activity#1: Alphabet Traits (Adapted from Iowa Academy of Science):
http://ists.pls.uni.edu/biomes-geomes/biomes/PDF/sentencesplittingDNA.pdf
Activity #2: Swish and Spit DNA Isolation
Adapted from NOVA “Cracking the Code of Life”
Home: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/
Swish and Spit Activity:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/2809_genome.html
Activity #3: Build a DNA Model from Paper Parts!
Adapted from:
http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/departments/isa/ninvest/dogma/ballesson.htm