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Human Anatomy, BIOSC 47
Welcome to the Fall 2012 Semester!
Leonardo da Vinci, 1485
Dr. Sonya Schuh-Huerta, Ph.D.
Who am I?…
• Research Scientist at Stanford & Part-time Assoc. Prof. at
Mission College
• Earned my Ph.D. in Physiology & Biophysics from the Univ. of
Washington (Seattle); before that HSU; before that UCR; before
that – a small community college in Southern California…
• My research is on human development, reproductive biology
and genetics, fertility, & stem cell biology
• I love teaching!
• I expect a lot from myself & from my students – this class will
be challenging, but we’ll also have a lot of fun!
• One word of advise – hard work is more important than
intelligence, innate ability, or anything else. With hard-work &
perseverance you can truly conquer any goal.
• On a personal note – I have 3 kids, 1 husband, 2 dogs, & 1 cat…
What is Anatomy?
• Anatomy
– The study of the structure of the body
• Physiology
– The study of body function
• Anatomy & Physiology are closely
related and you need to understand a
bit about both as you are learning them
Introduction to the Human Body
Lecture 1, Ch 1
Overview of Anatomy
• Branches of anatomy
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Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Surface Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Embryology
Pathological Anatomy (Pathology)
Radiographic Anatomy
Functional Morphology
• Anatomical terminology
– Based on ancient Greek or Latin
– Provides standard nomenclature worldwide
The Hierarchy of Structural
Organization
• Chemical level – atoms form molecules
• Cellular level – cells and their functional
subunits
• Tissue level – a group of cells performing
a common function
• Organ level – a group of different types of
tissues working together
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Atoms
Organelle
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up
of molecules.
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Cardiovascular
system
Heart
Blood
vessels
Blood vessel
(organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues.
6 Organismal level
The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems.
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely.
The Body’s 11 Organ Systems &
Their Major Functions
OVERVIEW
Integumentary System
• Forms external body
covering
• Protects deeper tissues
from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Site of cutaneous receptors
-pain, pressure, etc. &
sweat & oil glands
Hair
Skin
Nails
Skeletal System
• Protects & supports body
organs
• Provides a framework for
muscles
• Blood cells formed within
bones
• Stores minerals (calcium)
Bones
Joint
Muscular System
• Allows manipulation of
environment
• Locomotion
• Facial expression
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Skeletal
muscles
Nervous System
• Fast-acting control system
• Controls many body
functions
• Responds to internal &
external changes
Brain
Spinal
cord
Nerves
Endocrine System
• Involved in many processes;
glands secrete hormones
that regulate:
– Growth
– Reproduction
– Metabolism
– Circadian rhythms
Pineal gland
Pituitary
gland
Thyroid
gland
Thymus
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
Cardiovascular System
• Blood vessels transport blood
– Carries O2 & CO2
– Carries nutrients & wastes
• Heart pumps blood through
blood vessels
Heart
Blood
vessels
Lymphatic / Immune System
• Picks up fluid leaked from blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Houses white blood cells
• Mounts attack against foreign
substances in the body
Red bone
marrow
Thymus
Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Respiratory System
• Keeps blood supplied w/ O2
• Removes CO2
• Gas exchange occurs through
walls of air sacs
(alveoli in lungs)
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
Bronchus
Digestive System
• Breaks down food into
absorbable units
• Indigestible foodstuffs
eliminated as feces
• Also secretes hormones
involved in appetite &
metabolism
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
Urinary System
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes as urine
• Regulates water, electrolyte,
& acid-base balance
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
Reproductive System
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Overall function = produce offspring
Testes produce sperm & male sex hormones
Ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones
Mammary glands produce milk
Mammary
glands (in
breasts)
Prostate
gland
Ovary
Penis
Ductus
Testis
Scrotum deferens
Uterus
Vagina
Uterine
tube
Scale: Length, Volume, & Weight
• Metric system = provides a precise system of
measurement
• Weight (mass)  grams (g), kilograms (kg)
• Volume  liters (l), milliliters (ml)
• Length  meters (m), centimeters (cm), micrometers (mm)…
-Average adult = 1.5 – 2.0 meters long
-Cells & tissues are measured in mm
-Avg cell diameter = 10 mm
-Largest cell  oocyte! (~100+ mm)
oocyte within
follicle
Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
• Anatomical position – a common visual
reference point
– Person stands erect with feet together & eyes forward
– Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from
body
• Directional terminology – refers to the body in
anatomical position
– Standardized terms of directions are paired terms
Orientation & Directional Terms
Orientation & Directional Terms
Orientation & Directional Terms
Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
• Directional terms
• Regional terms = names of specific body
areas
Axial region = the main axis of the body
Appendicular region = the limbs
Regional Terms of Gross Anatomy
Axial region
Cephalic (head)
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Cervical (neck)
Thoracic
Axillary
Sternal
Mammary
Appendicular
region
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Pollex
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Palmar
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Pubic (genital)
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Metatarsal
Digital
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Hallux
Regional Terms of Gross Anatomy
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Cervical
Appendicular
region
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Vertebral
Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal
Digital
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Body Planes and Sections
• Coronal (frontal) plane = Lies vertically & divides body into anterior
& posterior parts
• Median (midsagittal) plane = Specific sagittal plane that lies
vertically in the midline
• Transverse plane = Runs horizontally & divides body into superior &
inferior parts
Frontal plane
Median plane
(midsagittal)
Transverse plane
An Orientation to the Human Body
Characteristics Common to All
Vertebrates
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Tube-within-a-tube
Bilateral symmetry
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord & vertebrae
Segmentation
Pharyngeal pouches
Basic Human Body Plan & Vertebrate Structures
Notochord
Muscle segments
(myotomes)
Spinal
cord
Brain
Brain
Pharynx
Pharyngeal
Heart
pouches
(a) Generalized vertebrate
Pharyngeal
pouches
Muscle
segments
(muscles
between
ribs)
Digestive tube
Spinal
cord
Lung
bud
Heart
Vertebrae
Spinal
cord
Disc
between
vertebrae
Notochord
Muscle
segments
(myotomes)
Digestive tube
Brain
Heart
(b) Human embryo; 5 weeks postconception
Digestive
tube
(c) Adult
human
Inner tube
Segmented outer tube
Dorsal hollow nerve tube
Notochord
Body Cavities & Membranes
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain
• Dorsal body cavity
– Cranial cavity
– Vertebral cavity
Dorsal body
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal cord)
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
(a) Lateral view
Body Cavities & Membranes
• Ventral body cavity
– Thoracic cavity – divided into 3 parts
• Two lateral parts each containing a lung
surrounded by a pleural cavity
• Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by
the pericardial sac
– Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into 2 parts
• Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach,
kidneys, and other organs
• Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some
reproductive organs, & rectum
Ventral Cavities
Cranial
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Body Cavities & Membranes
• Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined
by a serous membrane
– Pleura, pericardium, & peritoneum
• Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
• Visceral serosa – inner wall of the cavity; covers
the visceral organs
Body Cavities & Membranes
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
But no air in serous cavities!
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
Model of the serous membranes & serous cavities
Body Cavities & Membranes
Lung
Ribs
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
with serous fluid
Visceral pleura
Diaphragm
Serosae associated with the lungs: pleura
Body Cavities & Membranes
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial cavity
with serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
Serosae associated with the heart: pericardium
Body Cavities & Membranes
Anterior
Visceral
peritoneum
Peritoneal
cavity (with
serous fluid)
Liver
Stomach
Parietal
peritoneum
Kidney
(retroperitoneal)
Posterior
Wall of
body trunk
Serosae associated with the abdominal viscera: peritoneum
Figure 1.7c
Abdominal Regions & Quadrants
• Abdominal regions divide abdomen into 9
regions
• Abdominal quadrants divide abdomen into 4
quadrants
– Right upper & left upper quadrants
– Right lower & left lower quadrants
Abdominal Regions
Liver
Right
Left
Epigastric
hypochondriac
hypochondriac
region
region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac
(inguinal)
(pubic)
(inguinal)
region
region
region
(a) 9 regions delineated by 4 planes
Gallbladder
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Diaphragm
Spleen
Stomach
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the
superficial organs
Abdominal Quadrants
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
(c) The 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
Microscopic Anatomy
• Microscopy – examining small structures through a
microscope
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 
1st discovered & examined cells
(“animalcules”) with homemade
microscopes in mid-1600s
-Light microscopy = illuminates tissue
with a beam of light (lower magnification)
-Transmission electron microscopy =
uses beam of electrons (higher mag);
specimens coated w/ heavy-metal salts,
which deflect electrons to different extents
Microscopic Anatomy
• Scanning electron microscopy
– Coat specimen with carbon & gold – when electron
beam scans specimen, secondary electrons are
emitted & detected beautiful 3D images assembled!
These images give amazing surface detail of cells &
small structures.
• Artifacts
– Minor distortions of preserved tissues
– Not exactly like living tissues & organs
Microscopic Anatomy
Cytoplasm
Cell nuclei
Extracellular
material
(a) Light micrograph
(330)
(c) Scanning electron micrograph,
artificially colored (2900)
(b) Transmission electron micrograph,
artificially colored (870)
Microscopic Anatomy
• Preparing human tissue for microscopy
– Specimen is fixed (preserved) & sectioned
– Specimen is stained to distinguish structures
• Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules
• Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules
Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction
to Medical Imaging Techniques
• X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short
length
– Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense
structures
Clavicles
(collarbones)
Ribs
Air in
lungs
(black)
Heart
Diaphragm
(a) Radiograph of the chest
(b) Mammogram (cancerous
tumor at arrow)
Advanced Imaging Techniques
• Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) = takes
successive X rays around a person's full circumference
– Creates detailed picture of body sections (transverse)
– Great for soft tissue & bone; fast & inexpensive!
Right
Left
Liver
Stomach
View
Colon
Inferior
vena cava
Aorta
Spleen
Left
kidney
Thoracic
vertebra
Advanced Imaging Techniques
• Angiography or digital
subtraction
angiography (DSA)
imaging = provides an
unobstructed view of
small arteries
– Contrast medium is
injected
– Used to identify
blockages of arteries
that supply heart or brain
Artery supplying heart
Narrowing
of the artery
Advanced Imaging Techniques
• Positron emission tomography (PET) = forms
images by detecting radioactive isotopes (of
sugar or water) injected into the body
-Identifies regions of cellular activity
& most active cells
Advanced Imaging Techniques
•Sonography (ultrasound imaging) = body is
probed with pulses of high-frequency sound
waves that echo off the body’s tissues
–Used to determine the age & health of a developing fetus
(safe, no X-rays used)
Advanced Imaging Techniques
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) =
produces high-quality images of soft tissues
– Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water
content (magnet detects hydrogen)
– Functional MRI =
measures blood
oxygen, detects
active regions
Questions…?
What’s Next?
Lab: Gross Anatomy Terminology
Wed Lecture: Cells
Wed Lab: Cells & the Microscope