Download 450 AD and Prior Democritus - reich

450 AD and Prior
Democritus
Born: 460 BC-370BC
theorized: that all things are made of atoms.
Democritus wasn't actually a chemist, but rather a philosopher of many things. Of the Many
things he thought about was what things were made of at the very smallest levels. these thoughts
led him to a thought that all things are made up of tiny parts called atoms. these atoms he thought
were minescule parts of an object that where all the exact same. for instance, all trees where mad
e of tree atoms.
Democritus set the way for others to follow and make better conclusions but he did make a
general good call. many of the thoughts of Democritus can be attributed to the teachings he
learned form his teacher Heraclitus
1700-1800
John Dalton
the first idea of a periodic table
Born: September 4, 1766
Died: July 27, 1844
Summary: Dalton made the first rationalized theory about atomic structure and periodic listing
for elements. His work in chemistry paved the way for many advances that have been made
today. Dalton research and thoughts expanded upon the theories made by Democritus, in that all
things are made up of tiny invisible particles called atoms. What he proposed was that atoms
have constant composition, elements consist of atoms, and no two elements have the same mass.
Joseph Black
Born: 16 April 1728
Died: 6 December 1799
Summary: Black is noted for his work with latent heat and for the discovery of carbon dioxide.
He worked with magnesium carbonate to discover that when he worked with it it gave off “fixed
air” or carbon dioxide. This discovery helped chemists better understand reactions and break
down of molecules.
Hennery Cavendish
Born: October 10, 1731
Died: February 24, 1810
Summary: Cavendish is duly noted for his discovery of Hydrogen. In his words hydrogen was
called “inflammable air”. The inflammable air was able to form water upon combustion. In the
discovery of hydrogen later scientists could later use it in calculations and atomic mass counting
as well as in form ing the periodic table
1800-1875
Jean-Baptist Dumas
Born: July 14, 1800
Died: April 10, 1884
Summary: noted for organic chemistry and atomic weights. Dumas determined atomic weight by
measuring the density of the elements vapors. Dumas made the information possible for quick
reference on the periodic table and for providing critical information on atomic weight. His work
revealed thirty weights of elements
1875-1900
Eugen Goldstien
German Physicist
Credit: the discovery of the proton as well as the discovery of the anode rays.
Anode rays were observed in experiments by a German scientist, Eugen Goldstein, in 1886.
Goldstein used a gas discharge tube which had a perforated cathode. A "ray" is produced in the
holes (canals) in the cathode and travels in a direction opposite to the "cathode rays," which are
streams of electrons. Goldstein called these positive rays "Kanalstrahlen" - canal rays because it
looks like they are passing through a canal. In 1907 a study of how this "ray" was deflected in a
magnetic field, revealed that the particles making up the ray were not all the same mass. The
lightest, formed when there was a little hydrogen in the tube, was calculated to be 1837 times as
massive as an electron. They were protons.
Richard Wilhelm Heinrich Abegg
Born: January 8,1869
German Chemist who is best known for his valance theory in electron configuration. Abegg
made several pioneering discoveries as well as making advancements on pre-existing rules and
theories. He made prior discoveries alluding to Lewis Octets rule on elemental bonding and
oxidization. Through the rest of his life, Abegg, came up with the theory of freezing point
depression
Dmitri Mendeleev
Mendelejeff, Zeitscrift für Chemie 12, 405-406 (1869); translation by
Carmen Giunta
By ordering the elements according to increasing atomic weight in vertical rows so that the
horizontal rows contain analogous elements,[1] still ordered by increasing atomic weight, one
obtains the following arrangement, from which a few general conclusions may be derived.
Ti=50
Zr=90
?[2]=180
V=51
Nb=94
Ta=182
Mo=96
W=186
Mn=55
Rh=104,4[3] Pt=197,4[4]
Fe=56
Ru=104,4
Ir=198
Ni=Co=59 Pd=106,6
Os=199
Cu=63,4
Ag=108
Hg=200
Be=9,4 Mg=24 Zn=65,2
Cd=112
B=11 Al=27,4 ?[6]=68
Ur=116[7]
C=12 Si=28
?[8]=70
Sn=118
N=14 P=31
As=75
Sb=122
O=16 S=32
Se=79,4
Te=128?
H=1[5]
F=19
Li=7
Cr=52
Cl=35,5 Br=80
Na=23 K=39
Ca=40
Au=197?
Bi=210?
J=127[9]
Rb=85,4
Cs=133
Tl=204
Sr=87,6
Ba=137
Pb=207
?[10]=45 Ce=92[11]
?Er=56 La=94
?Yt=60 Di=95
?In=75,6 Th=118?
Born: February 8th 1834
Russian chemist out of toblsk, Siberia
Mendeleev is credited as being the person to form the first draft of the periodic table. He brought
the idea of organizing elements by atomic weight and electron count.
Mendeleev is also credited with the working as the director of Weights and Measures as well as
setting a state standard for Russia on Vodka.
1900-1915
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Roentgen’s wife’s hand in front of the crooks tube
Born on March 27, 1845, at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany
Roentgen was a German physicist who discovered x-rays while passing electrons through a tube
with really low pressure crooks tube.
On the evening of November 8, 1895, he found that, if the discharge tube is enclosed in a sealed,
thick black carton to exclude all light, and if he worked in a dark room, a paper plate covered on
one side with barium platinocyanide placed in the path of the rays became fluorescent even when
it was as far as two metres from the discharge tube. During subsequent experiments he found that
objects of different thicknesses interposed in the path of the rays showed variable transparency to
them when recorded on a photographic plate. When he immobilised for some moments the hand
of his wife in the path of the rays over a photographic plate, he observed after development of
the plate an image of his wife's hand which showed the shadows thrown by the bones of her hand
and that of a ring she was wearing, surrounded by the penumbra of the flesh, which was more
permeable to the rays and therefore threw a fainter shadow. This was the first "röntgenogram"
ever taken. In further experiments, Röntgen showed that the new rays are produced by the impact
of cathode rays on a material object. Because their nature was then unknown, he gave them the
name X-rays
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967
JJ Thompson
Plum Pudding Model
the plum
pudding model states the mss of an atom is evenly distributed throughout the entire atom while
immersed with the negative charge just stuck in kind of like a plum pudding or tapiocia
Country: Britain
Science: Physics
Born: in Manchester, England on December 18, 1856.
Thompson is credited in expanding thinking on the structure of an atom and how its mass is
distributed. His hypothesis concluded that the mass of an atom is evenly distributed throughout
its area while sitting in a negatively charge substance like a plum pudding
Marie Curie
Born: November 7, 1867
A Russian Chemist born in Warsaw, Vistula country of the Russian Empire.
Curie is credited with the theory of Radio activity while trying to isolate isotopes of compounds
in dirt. She is also is the discoverer of radium and polonium.
Pierre Curie
born in Paris May 15, 1859.
, Curie discovered piezoelectric effects. Later, he advanced theories of symmetry with regard to
certain physical phenomena and turned his attention to magnetism. He showed that the magnetic
properties of a given substance change at a certain temperature - this temperature is now known
as the Curie point. To assist in his experiments he constructed several delicate pieces of
apparatus - balances, electrometers, piezoelectric crystals, etc.
Curie's studies of radioactive substances were made together with his wife, whom he married in
1895. They were achieved under conditions of much hardship - barely adequate laboratory
facilities and under the stress of having to do much teaching in order to earn their livelihood.
They announced the discovery of radium and polonium by fractionation of pitchblende in 1898
and later they did much to elucidate the properties of radium and its transformation products.
Their work in this era formed the basis for much of the subsequent research in nuclear physics
and chemistry. Together they were awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 on
account of their study into the spontaneous radiation discovered by Becquerel, who was awarded
the other half of the Prize.
Pierre was killed in a street accident in Paris on April 19, 1906.
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967
Alfred Werner
octahedral formation
Born in 1866 in Mulhouse, Alsace, France
. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913 for proposing the octahedral configuration of
transition metal complexes. Or, basically, he simplified the form and thinking of how the
electrons and isotopes in transition metals are. Werner developed the basis for modern
coordination chemistry. He was the first inorganic chemist to win the Nobel prize, and the only
one prior to 1973
1915-1950
Julius Robert Oppenheimer
Oppenheimer is known as the Father of the atomic bomb and one of the head scientists of the
Manhattan Project.
Oppenheimer is credit with the work on bombarding an atom of hydrodgen with a free neutron
creating a chain reaction and a vast explosion.
After seeing his creation work he stated this Oppenheimer state the Bhagavad Gita. A section
from the Hindu bible that reads "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the
sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one. Now I am become Death, the destroyer of
worlds."
Robert millikan
Photoelectric effect
Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953) was an American
experimental physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his measurement of the charge on the
electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect. He served as president of Caltech from
1921 to 1945
Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1885.
Bohr is a major contributor to quantum theory and quantum mechanics. He in essence destroyed
the theory that Einstein had said that there was order to everything. His work along with several
of his colleegues suggested that there were much smaller parts to an atom that made up the atom,
furthermore, he stated that electrons orbit the positively charged center in a planetary fashion.
His work also suggested that the world at the atomic and sub atomic levels are in fact out of
control. Electrons shift and move between atoms and defy most premises of natural behavior.
James Chadwick
Chadwick is known as the discoverer of the neutron within the nucleus of an atom.
Chadwick’s discovery made it possible to create elements heavier than uranium in the laboratory.
By adding neutrons to the element you could make the atoms and molecules more dense. The
best example would be heavy water. When processed out it can be use to make nuclear materials
for weapons or electrical plant production
Werner Heisenberg
Born on 5 December 1901 in Würzburg, Germany
German theoretical physicist
“In quantum field theory (QFT) the forces between particles are mediated by other particles. For
instance, the electromagnetic force between two electrons is caused by an exchange of photons.
But quantum field theory applies to all fundamental forces. Intermediate vector bosons mediate
the weak force, gluons mediate the strong force, and gravitons mediate the gravitational force.
These force carrying particles are virtual particles and, by definition, cannot be detected while
carrying the force, because such detection will imply that the force is not being carried. In QFT
photons are not thought of as 'little billiard balls', they are considered to be field quanta necessarily chunked ripples in a field that 'look like' particles. Fermions, like the electron, can
also be described as ripples in a field, where each kind of fermion has its own field. In summary,
the classical visualisation of "everything is particles and fields", in quantum field theory,
resolves into "everything is particles", which then resolves into "everything is fields". In the end,
particles are regarded as excited states of a field (field quanta).
Quantum field theory provides a theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical
models of systems classically described by fields or of many-body systems. It is widely used in
particle physics and condensed matter physics. Most theories in modern particle physics,
including the Standard Model of elementary particles and their interactions, are formulated as
relativistic quantum field theories. In condensed matter physics, quantum field theories are used
in many circumstances, especially those where the number of particles is allowed to fluctuate—
for example, in the BCS theory of superconductivity.”
See work cited
Erwin Schrodinger
Austrian theoroPhysicist
Born in Vienna, Austria
Schrodinger worked on expanding theories on quantum mechanics. Schrodinger had set
principles and equations to help understand atomic activity, or quantum mechanics. His equation
called the Schrodinger equation that explains the how the atoms in a physical state of matter
behave.
The uncertainty principle
said to explain why the cat was not half dead or alive
His most famous work on quantum mechanics was the experiment affectionately called
Schrodinger’s Cat.
The basis of it was a cat was placed in a box with a vile of poison, a Geiger counter and a piece
of radioactive material. When the material gave off any decay it would smash the vile killing the
cat. Under the thoughts of quantum mechanics the cat would be simultaneously dead and alive.
The cat survived!!!!
1950-present
Edward Witten
born August 26, 1951
American theoretical physicist
Witten is a Physicist that united the several different theories of string theory through advanced
mathematic equations. His theory also has a name. M-theory.
M-theory calls for eleven dimensions for the so called strings to move and vibrate throughout.
The principle behind string theory is that there tiny “strings” that make up every atom. The way
that they make up these atoms is that they vibrate in different ways that make atoms and so on.
Richard Feynman
electron cloud theory
the idea behind the
electron cloud is that the electrons that orbit around the nucleus of an atom move so fast that they
form a haze or “cloud” around the nucleus
Born on May 11, 1918 in
was an American physicist known for the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the
theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the super fluidity of supercooled liquid
helium, as well as work in particle physics (the patron model was proposed by him). For his
contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman was a joint recipient of
the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965, together with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga.
Basically
Work cited page
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Bernstein, Jeremy Hitler’s Uranium Club: The Secret Recording’s at Farm Hall
(Copernicus, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95089-3
Bernstein, Jeremy Heisenberg and the critical mass, Am. J. Phys. Volume 70, Number 9,
911-916 (2002)
Bernstein, Jeremy Heisenberg in Poland, Am. J. Phys. Volume 72, Number 3, 300-304
(2004). See also Letters to the Editor by Klaus Gottstein and a reply by Jeremy Bernstein
in Am. J. Phys. Volume 72, Number 9, 1143-1145 (2004).
Bernstein, Jeremy Max Born and the Quantum Theory, Am. J. Phys. 73 (11) 999-1008
(2005). Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
07030. Received 14 April 2005; accepted 29 July 2005.
Bethe, Hans A. The German Uranium Project, Physics Today Volume 53, Issue 7, 34-36
Beyerchen, Alan D. Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the
Third Reich (Yale, 1977) ISBN 0-300-01830-4
Cassidy, David C. Heisenberg, German Science, and the Third Reich, Social Research
Volume 59, Number 3, 643-661 (1992)
Cassidy, David C. Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg (Freeman,
1992)
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Cassidy, David C. A Historical Perspective on Copenhagen, Physics Today Volume 53,
Issue 7, 28 (2000). See also Heisenberg’s Message to Bohr: Who Knows, Physics Today
Volume 54, Issue 4, 14ff (2001), individual letters by Klaus Gottstein, Harry J. Lipkin,
Donald C. Sachs, and David C. Cassidy.
Eckert, Michael Werner Heisenberg: controversial scientist physicsweb.org (2001)
Goudsmit, Samuel with an introduction by R. V. Jones Alsos (Toamsh, 1986)
Greenspan, Nancy Thorndike "The End of the Certain World: The Life and Science of
Max Born" (Basic Books, 2005) ISBN 0-7382-0693-8. Also published in Germany: Max
Born - Baumeister der Quantenwelt. Eine Biographie (Spektrum Akademischer Verlag,
2005), ISBN 3-8274-1640-X.
Heisenberg, Werner Nobel Prize Presentation Speech, Nobelprize.org (1933)
o Werner Heisenberg Biography, Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 Nobelprize.org
Heisenberg, Elisabeth Inner Exile: Recollections of a Life with Heisenberg (Birkhäuser,
1984)
Heisenberg, Werner Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (Harper & Row,
1971)
Heisenberg, Werner Die theoretischen Grundlagen für die Energiegewinnung aus der
Uranspaltung, Zeitschrift für die gesamte Natruwiessenschaft, Volume 9, 201-212
(1943). See also the annotated English translation: Document 95. Werner Heisenberg.
The Theoretical Basis for the Generation of Energy from Uranium Fission [February 26,
1942] in Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and
translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources
(Birkhäuser, 1996) 294-301.
Heisenberg, Werner Research in Germany on the Technical Applications of Atomic
Energy, Nature Volume 160, Number 4059, 211-215 (August 16, 1947). See also the
annotated English translation: Document 115. Werner Heisenberg: Research in Germany
on the Technical Application of Atomic Energy [August 16, 1947] in Hentschel, Klaus
(editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National
Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) 361-379.
Heisenberg, Werner, introduction by David Cassidy, translation by William Sweet A
Lecture on Bomb Physics: February 1942, Physics Today Volume 48, Issue 8, Part I, 2730 (1995)
Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator)
Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996)
ISBN 0-8176-5312-0. [This book is a collection of 121 primary German documents
relating to physics under National Socialism. The documents have been translated and
annotated, and there is a lengthy introduction to put them into perspective.]
Hentschel, Klaus The Metal Aftermath: The Mentality of German Physicists 1945-1949
(Oxford, 2007)
Hoffmann, Dieter Between Autonomy and Accommodation: The German Physical
Society during the Third Reich, Physics in Perspective 7(3) 293-329 (2005)
Jammer, Max The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics (McGraw-Hill,
1966)
Junk, Robert Brighter Than a Thousand Suns: A personal history of the atomic scientists
(Harcourt, Brace, 1958)
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Kant, Horst Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the
Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen, Preprint 203 (Max-Planck Institut für
Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 2002)
Landsman, N. P. Getting even with Heisenberg, Studies in History and Philosophy of
Modern Physics Volume 33, 297-325 (2002)
Macrakis, Kristie Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (Oxford,
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Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum
Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and
Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. (Springer, 2001)
ISBN 0-387-95175-X
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Theory. Volume 3. The Formulation of Matrix Mechanics and Its Modifications 1925–
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Norman M. Naimark The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of
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Oleynikov, Pavel V. German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project, The
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Todorv, Ivan Werner Heisenberg (2003)
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Walker, Mark German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949
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