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Ninth Grade Religion glossary Aaron: the brother of Moses Abraham: often called the “father of Jewish faith”, Abraham lived about 1800 years before the time of Christ. He received a promise from God that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars. He is the first of the great patriarchs of Israel and a revered figure in three religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Adam: the name of the first man in the book of Genesis. The name comes from the Hebrew word Adamah which means “earth creature”. Genesis says that God formed Adam from the clay of the earth. Agnostic: A person who believes that God’s existence is unknowable by human beings. Thus, they reject human claims to know the mind and will of God. Amos: a prophet of the 8th century BC, he condemned the people of the northern kingdom for their greed and lack of concern for the poor and needy. Ark of the Covenant : a chest or tabernacle which contained the ten commandments Atheist: a person who does not believe in the existence of God. Babylonian Exile (Captivity) : The exile refers to a period of time (587-536 BC), in which the Jewish people were brought out of their land and take to Babylon. This was spiritually devastating because god had promised the land to the people and they felt as if God had abandoned them. Bible: The sacred scriptures (writing) of both Christianity and Judaism. “Bible” literally means “books”. For Catholics, there are 73 books in the Bible. Fifty six in the Old Testament; 27 in the New Testament. Birthright. In the Old Testament, the birthright refers to the right of the first born son to a “double portion” of inheritance of the father and the right to be the head of the clan. Canaan: an ancient land in the middle east, the “promised land” of the Jews, located roughly where Israel is today. Contextual interpretation a way of interpreting the Bible which insists that the words and ideas must be understood in the context in which they were written. Thus, it is important to know the history, culture, and language of the people who wrote the Bible. Covenant: a covenant is a pact or an agreement between two parties. The word is used to describe God’s relationship with Israel and it has many different applications in the Bible. The covenant with Abraham is unconditional- God simply promises Abraham that he will be the father of a great nation. Likewise the covenant with David is a promise for an eternal dynasty. But the Sinai covenant is one that makes demands on the people of Israel. They are to obey God’s law. The prophet Jeremiah looks forward to the day when the covenant will be written in the heart. At the last supper, Jesus offers the cup of wine as his blood of the new and everlasting covenant. David: the second and greatest of the Jewish Kings. Famous for his victory over the Philistine giant, Goliath, David was a great political and military leader. God promised David that his throne would endure forever and through his descendents would come the anointed one, the messiah. Many of the psalms were attributed to David. Deborah: the only female judge mentioned in the Bible Esau: the elder son of Isaac, the twin brother of Jacob Exodus: Perhaps the key event in the Old Testament, it refers to God leading His people out from slavery in Egypt through the leadership of Moses. Eve: the name of the first woman in the book of Genesis. She is created from Adam’s rib because Adam is without a “suitable partner” and “this one (Eve) at last is bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh”. Ezekiel: one of the great prophets of the era of the Babylonian Exile, he may be best known for his vision of the dead dry bones brought back to life by God. Fundamentalism: In Christianity, fundamentalism is form of Christianity which insists that the Bible must be interpreted literally. Fundamentalists believe that “the Bible says what it means and means what it says”. Thus, fundamentalists usually do not accept an evolutionary view of creation, because the Bible says that the word was created in six days. The Catholic Church does not accept this approach to the Bible. Genesis: the first book of the Bible Gideon: one of the judges, best known for his military victories over the Canaanites Golden calf: the idol created by Aaron to appease the people in Moses’ absence Hagar: the female servant of Sarah. When Sarah was unable to conceive, she allowed Hagar to do so in her place. She had a child with Abraham who was named Ishmael. Hosea: a prophet of the 8th century BC, he compared Israel to his unfaithful wife, Gomer. Idolatry: the worship of “false gods” or the gods of the pagans, forbidden by the first commandment. Inspiration: The Bible is inspired by God and thus is called God’s word. This does not mean that God literally dictated the words to the authors, but rather, God inspired the human authors to use their own intelligence, faith and creativity. As the interaction between the human and the divine the Bible reflects both God’s word and human limitations as well. Isaac: The son of Abraham and Sarah and one of the great patriarchs of Israel. Isaiah: the greatest of the prophetic books of the bible, the one book we call “Isaiah” describes the ministry and message of at least three different prophets called by that name. The book describes the “suffering servant of God” who Christians later identified with Jesus. Jacob: Isaac’s son and Esau’s twin brother who gained the “birthright” from his father through the use of deceit, aided by his mother, Rebekah. Jacob’s twelve sons are the basis for the twelve tribes of Israel. Jeptha: one of the judges, he vows to offer a sacrifice to God if he wins the battles. The sacrifice will be the first thing he sees upon return. Unfortunately, it is his daughter, his only child. Jeremiah: one of the most important of the Jewish prophets, he warned the people of their impending doom (Babylonian Exile) in punishment for their idolatry. Joshua: one of Moses’s assistants. After the death of Moses, he led the Jewish people into the promise land at the battle of Jericho Joseph: Jacob’s favored son, sold into slavery by his brothers, he became powerful in Egypt because of his ability to interpret dreams for the Pharoah. Judge : the judges were the leaders of the twelve tribes of Israel before they were united as one nation under a king Miriam: the sister of Moses Monotheism: the belief that there is only one God. Christianity, Judaism and Islam are all monotheistic religions. Moses: the most important figure in the Old Testament, he encountered God’s presence in the burning bush, led his people from slavery in Egypt, encountered God again on Mt. Sinai where he was given the ten commandments and led his people on a forty year journey through the desert to the promised land. He died before entering that land. Mt. Sinai: the mountain on which Moses received the ten commandments from God. Myth: In regard to religion, myths are stories that are intended to explore universal questions and teach universal truths. It is a style of writing or a literary form. In the Bible, some of the stories could be described as “myths”. The stories of creation, Noah and the flood and the tower of Babel are all mythic stories. Their truth is found not in their historical details but in the meaning of the stories- what they teach us about God and humanity. Biblical myths are not “just myths”; they are divinely inspired stories meant to teach us core truths about God and His relationship to us. Noah: A righteous man, he and his family were spared by God when He brought a flood to destroy all living things. He was commanded by God to put two of each animal on the ark, so the world could be recreated again. Passover: The Jewish feast that celebrates the Exodus from Egypt Parable: a story with a moral or message, they were used occasionally in the Old Testament and often by Jesus. Pentateuch: another name for the written Torah as the first five books of the Bible. Torah is a Hebrew word; Pentateuch is Greek. Polytheism: the belief that there are many (poly) gods. Prophet: In Israel, a prophet was a person who was God’s “mouthpiece”. It was the job of a prophet to proclaim God’s truth, often to a people who were not interested in listening. “False prophets” simply told the king what he wanted to hear. The true prophets were unafraid to speak truth to those in power. Proverbs : A book in the Old Testament which does not focus on Jewish history, but rather is a collection of sayings and short lessons meant to impart wisdom. Psalms: 150 prayer/poem/songs in the Old Testament. Many were attributed to King David, but the dates of their composition remain unknown. The psalms are widely used in communal prayer (liturgy) by both Jews and Christians. Rebekah: the wife of Isaac and the mother of Jacob and Esau. She helped Jacob gain the birthright from his father. Revelation: God’s self-communication and communication of His will for us. Salvation history: the history of God’s saving relationship with Israel culminating in the person of Jesus Christ. Samson: the “judge” famous for his hair and strength, eventually taken down by Delilah. Samuel: considered both a jusge and the first of the prophets, Samuel anointed the first two Jewish kings, Saul and David. Sarah: the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. Because of her advanced age , she “laughs” when told by a messenger angel that she will be a mother. Although she is sometimes mistreated by Abraham, her strength and fidelity allow God’s promises to come true. Saul: the first of the Jewish kings Seder meal: the Passover meal that uses foods meant to recall the Exodus: lamb, unleavened bread, bitter herbs Solomon: the son of King David, famous for his wealth, power and wisdom, Solomon built the first temple in Jerusalem. Temple: the sacred dwelling place of God in Jerusalem. Built by King Solomon, the Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586. It was restored when the Exiles returned from Babylon. During the life of Jesus, King Herod rebuilt this second Temple as an architectural triumph and one of the great monuments in the world. Today, only a small part of this Temple has survived, often referred to as “the western wall”. It is a sacred site for Jews, Christians and Muslims. Ten commandments; the commandments given to Moses on Mount Sinai, they represent the heart and soul of Jewish moral law. Torah: The word “torah” can have several different meanings. It can mean “teaching” or “law” , and it generally refers to the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. These books are the written torah. These five books have had a special authority and influence within the Old Testament as well as in Christian history. The “oral torah” consists of the many opinions of the rabbis concerning the meaning of these books. Yahweh: God’s “name” given to Moses at the burning bush; often translated as I AM or I AM WHO I AM, it emphasizes God’s infinite and mysterious nature. The word is never to be spoken by the Jewish people.