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9/12 Question of the day: What are some types of interactions exhibited by organisms in ecosystems? Give three examples of interactions in nature. Community Interactions • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis Figure Source: http://www.animalintelligence.org/images/deerbunny1.jpg 3 Major Types of Community Interactions Recall: What is a community? Community = assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment Organisms within a community interact with each other in 3 major ways: - Competition - Predation - Symbiosis Let’s look at each of these interactions in more detail. What is Competition? Competition Occurs when members of different species try to utilize a resource (such as light, space, or nutrients) that is in limited supply. Results in a winner and a loser. Think of sports teams when they compete. Scenario #2 in our opening demonstration Competitive Exclusion Principle No two species can occupy the same ecological niche in the same habitat at the same time. What is Predation? Predation Occurs when one living organism feeds on another living organism. Involves predator and prey Predator = organism that feeds on another organism Prey = organism that is the food Example: Lynx and bunny Figure Source: http://www.lynescreations.com/ images/LynxAttackRabbit2.jpg Mimicry- An Antipredator Defense 2 main types– Batesian & Mullerian Batesian Mimicry A harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful species The harmless mimic is protected b/c it is often mistaken to be its dangerous look-alike Example: A king snake (nonpoisonous) resembles a coral snake (poisonous) King Snake Coral Snake Mimicry- An Antipredator Defense Mullerian Mimicry When 2 or more dangerous or distasteful species look similar. Each species involved benefits b/c a predator that encounters an individual of 1 species will avoid similar individuals. Example: Bees & wasps have similar patterns of alternating yellow & black stripes. Wolves in Yellowstone Recap What is Symbiosis? Symbiosis Refers to the close interactions between members of two species. 3 major types ► Parasitism ► Commensalism ► Mutualism Let’s look at each type… Figure Source: http://www.camacdonald.com/ birding/CattleEgret(JM).jpg Parasitism What is it? A relationship in which one organism lives on or in another organism and gets its nourishment from it. One organism is harmed (host) and one organism benefits (parasite) Example: Deer ticks on dogs Can you think of any others? Commensalism What is it? Relationship in which one organism benefits and other organism is not hurt or helped. One organism often provides a home and/or transport for the other organism. Example: Barnacles that attach themselves to backs of whales The whale is not affected. The barnacles benefit from transportation and eat small food particles in the water. Can you think of any others? Mutualism What is it? A relationship in which both members benefit. Think of a “mutual agreement” both parties benefit! Example: Bees and flowers. Bee benefits because eats nectar (food). Flower benefits because the bee spreads its pollen (reproduction). Can you think of any others? Symbiosis You can think of the various types of symbiosis as almost a continuum… Parasitism (+/-) Commensalism (+/0) Mutualism (+/+) An extreme In the middle An extreme Helps one member Helps one member Helps both members Hurts other member No affect on other member Checking your understanding– Quick Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is a community? What is the Competitive Exclusion Principle? What is predation? What is the name of the symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit? What is the name of the symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and other is not helped or harmed? What is the name of the symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but other is harmed?