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Earth Science I - Unit 1.2 Landscapes & Geomorphology 1.2 Landscapes & Geomorphology ► Three Types of Landforms ►Plains, Plateaus, & Mountains Plains ►Large, relatively flat areas Coastal plains – near the oceans ►Lowlands, include swamps, marshes, and low rolling hills Interior plains – middle of the land ►High Plains, covered with grass & trees Coastal Plains River Plains Sonoran Desert Plains Sonoran Desert Plains Sonoran Desert Plains ►Plateaus Relatively flat, raised areas Made of nearly horizontal rocks that have been uplifted by Earth processes Differ from plains because the rise sharply from their surroundings Example – Colorado Plateau – has been cut through by the Colorado River to form the Grand Canyon Plateaus – Namibia, Africa Plateaus – Masada, Israel Plateaus – Coastal Plateaus, Ireland Plateaus – Grand Canyon Plateaus – Grand Canyon Colorado Plateau from the Air ►Mountains Tallest mountain = Mount Everest – 8800m above sea level (28,871 feet) Four types of mountains ►Folded ►Upwarped ►Fault-block ►Volcanic ►Folded Mountains resemble a rug pushed against a wall processes cause the land to be pushed together, causing it to fold Example – Appalachian Mountains Folded Mountains Topographic Map ►Upwarped or Dome Mountains Earth’s crust pushed up by forces inside Earth Composed of exposed metamorphic and igneous rocks Example – southern Rocky Mountains Upwarped Mountains, Black Hills, ND ►Fault-Block Mountains huge tilted blocks of rocks separated from surrounding rock by faults fault – a large crack in rocks along which there is movement one block of rock is pushed up while the other is pushed down characterized by sharp jagged peaks Example – Sierra Nevada Mountains Fault-Block Mountains Fault-Block Mountains, El Paso, Texas ►Volcanic Mountains Begin when magma reaches the Earth’s surface through a weak area in the crust One layer builds on another until a cone is formed Volcanic Mountains, San Francisco Peaks, AZ Volcanic Mountains, Yangming, China Sunset Crater, Arizona - A Cinder Cone Haemus Mountains, the Moon Mount St. Helens, Washington Global View ►Latitude Lines that circle the earth in an East and West direction Center latitude line = equator ►Divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemisphere Global View ► Longitude (Meridians) Lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole and are not parallel to one another Divides the Earth into East and West directions ►Center Longitude line that travels through Greenwich, England = Prime Meridian ►Longitude line that is 180 degrees around the world from the prime meridian = international date line Global View ► Earth Time Time is measured by the movement of Earth in relation to the sun Time Zones ►There are 24 time zones on Earth because it takes the Earth 24 hours to make one complete turn or rotation ►There are 6 time zones in the U.S Global View ►Calendar Dates The calendar date changes as you cross over the international date line ►Cross it to the west – add a day to the calendar ►Cross it to the east – subtract a day from the calendar ► Time For a Break…. Maps ► Map projections Used to make maps of Earth ►The transferring of points and lines of Earth to paper Several different ways to make map projections ►Each method is distorted in some manner Maps ► Three types of projection Mercator Projection ►Have correct shapes of continents ►Continents have a distorted area ►Longitude lines are parallel ►Latitude lines distorted ►Areas near the poles are exaggerated Maps Robinson Projection ►Accurate continent shapes with accurate areas ►Latitude lines are kept parallel ►Longitude lines are kept curved ►Less distortion near the poles Maps Conic Projection ►Used with weather and road maps ►Used with maps of small area ►Project points from a globe Maps ► Topographic maps Shows the changes in elevation of the Earth’s surface Contour lines ►A line on a map that connects points of equal elevation Contour interval ►The distance between contour lines ►The closer the lines the steeper the surface Maps Index contours ►Marked with their elevation Topographic map rules ►Read the elevation numbers to determine if the structure is a hill, basin, or depression ►Look for hatchures Short lines at right angles to the contour line, which depicts depressions Point to lower elevations Maps ►Contour lines never cross If they did it would mean that a particular place would have two elevations ►Contour lines form V’s that point upstream whenever they cross streams. Because streams flow in depressions that are lower than the surrounding areas Maps ► Map Legend and Scale Map Legend ►Explain what the symbols used on the map mean Map Scale ►The relationship between the distances on the map and actual distances on Earth’s surface ►Used in a ratio (1:100) 1 unit on a map is equal to 100 units on land Maps ► Uses of Maps The map used will depend on the need Mercator map – used to determine the relationship between two places Robinson – used to see actual shapes of land near the poles Conic map – used to travel in straight lines Topographic – used to see heights in certain places Mapping Our Planet ► Remote Sensing from Space Landsat Satellites ►Detect different wavelengths of energy reflected or emitted from Earth’s surface ►Can show landforms in great detail Topex-Poseidon Satellite ►Uses radar to compute the distance to the ocean’s surface ►Used to map the ocean bottom Mapping Our Planet Global Positioning System (GPS) ►Used to determine the exact location on Earth ►Used in travel and tracking wildlife ► Remote Sensing Under Water Sonar ►Uses sound waves to detect ocean bottom features ►Used to make ocean floor maps