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___________________________________________________________________________ 2008/MRCWG/021 Agenda Item: 1 Economy Report - Peru Purpose: Information Submitted by: Peru 21st Marine Resource Conservation Working Group Meeting Piura, Peru 14–18 April 2008 ECONOMY REPORT – PERU SUMMARY REPORT 21st APEC Marine Resource Conservation Working Group Piura, Peru, 14-18 April 2008 DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRESS FOR MARINE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND MARINE RELATED POLICY EFFORTS TO ADVANCE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BALI PLAN OF ACTION. SUMMARY During the past year, Peru has achieved significant progress on a range of national and regional activities aimed at improving marine resource conservation. Peru has completed a major step in the implementation of its domestic fishing management policy. As a result, important stock sustainability has been achieved. We also considered as a main target, to address the issue of marine pollution from land based sources. On this respect, private sector awareness has responded successfully. In relation to our efforts in designing and implementing plans on ICAM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management), we have established relevant guidelines for accomplishment. Finally, we are moving forward on implementing the ”Ecosystem Approach” principles proposed by FAO to oceans and fisheries management through objectives-based management systems. The Peruvian Sea Research Institute (IMARPE), the Vice Ministry of Fisheries and our National Environmental Commission (CONAM), is working coordinately to implement these important tasks. Other National institutions, Universities and NGOs collaborate with these efforts. An important political initiative was discussed during this period in Peru: the implementation by law of a new “Environmental Ministry” that will regulate and monitor all important environmental issues. The Commission designed to prepare this proposal was briefed on the issues of fisheries, marine pollution and marine resources conservation. During this period, one of the most important activities have been related to the understanding and monitoring of the El Niño and La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO) within the Southeast Pacific Region and its impact in the marine ecosystem. The large climatic shifts occurred in the Pacific during the warm period of El Niño in 2006 and the cold period of La Niña in 2007 was a clear evidence of the large interannal climate variability of our ocean region. This represents an important challenge for us: the need to understand this fluctuations and its impact in the marine ecosystem in order to define policy issues for the fisheries and marine conservation administration. Another important initiative under way is the implementation of an important Marine Protected Area in the coast of Peru. This corresponds to a system of coastal islands and capes that belonged to the guano bird’s administration and has been under an effective protection for about 150 years. This proposal is aimed to protect the ecosystem of this highly productive areas and its endemic species from industrial fisheries and uncontrolled aquaculture. Other activities related to the protection of the marine environment, are the implementation of the Protocol for the protection of the Southeast Pacific against land-based sources of Pollution. A pilot project to evaluate this critical problem in an industrial harbor was conducted with the financial support of UNDP under a regional project of the CPPS (Comision Permanente del Pacific Sur). Peru is a signatory member of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Under this context the government has designed the Biological Diversity National Strategy and is now in preparation of the National Action Plan for the Marine Biodiversity Conservation. Finally, an important initiative that will promote several initiatives related to the Bali Plan of Action is the proposal that Peru and Chile is preparing to present to the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) of the World Bank to implement the “Humboldt Large Marine Ecosystem” (HLME) project. This is an ambitious 10 year coordinated project to study this LME focused in the fisheries and biodiversity issues... Ensuring the sustainable management of the marine environment and its resources Understanding oceans, seas and coasts Oceans Observations and Data Collection National institutions continue working coordinately on ocean observation and data collection programs. The extended network of oceanographic coastal stations and the set of ocean buoys complementing the TAO array in the Pacific Ocean, provide real-time data managed as the NAYLAMP national program. All these stations and buoys transmit real time oceanographic data for different applications: Tsunami warning, storm waves forecast and El Niño forecast and monitoring. Data is available to the world community via the Hydrographic Office (www.dhn.mil.pe) and the IMARPE (www.imarpe.gob.pe) webpage’s. During periodical cruises along the coast (4 cruises per year, in average) oceanographic and biological data are continuously collected while evaluating the fish stocks. This provides a vast amount of multidisciplinary data, used for fisheries assessment and sustainable management by the corresponding authorities. A biological buoy is permanently transmitting real-time data in the northern coast off Peru. This data is available to the world community in the IMARPE webpage. Peru is involved in a program called ERFEN (the Regional Study on El Niño Phenomenon). This program involves countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile. This program is coordinated by the CPPS and involves exchange of real time data, publishing of a monthly bulletin and the execution of an annual simultaneous oceanographic cruise along the South American coast. These regional cruises have been carried out for the last 10 years. Results of the above mentioned activities are found in the CPPS (South Pacific Permanent Commission) webpage (www.cpps.org) Peru is part of the Regional Alliance for the GOOS program (GRASP) and contributes to this international effort in several national and regional programs. During 2007 Peru implemented a proposal to perform a Langrangian study of the Eastern south pacific circulation using SVP drifters of the Global Drifter Program of GOOS. Some Peruvian institutions like IMARPE and the Geophysical Institute (IGP) together with Chilean institutions actively participate in the WCRP project VOCALS REx/VAMOS (Regional Ocean Cloud Atmosphere-Land Study). Our research vessel “Jose Olaya” will participate in Coastal VOCALS Experiment in October-November 2008. One of the main goals of VOCALS program is to diminish and to eliminate the systematic errors in the global climate models in the Eastern South Pacific. Recently, several national and international research institutions, as the IRD (French Institute of Research for Development) and the IAEA (International Agency of Atomic Energy), have started a research project focused on paleoclimatology and paleoceanography from marine sediment records off the Peruvian coast. This project will explore and attempt to interpret past climate changes and the ecological responses in the Peruvian upwelling system during the last centuries and millennia. These studies, combined with historical information of climate conditions, are suggesting a decreasing trend of coastal sea surface temperatures off Central Peru during the twentieth century, contrasting with the positive trend exhibited by the offshore environment. New efforts are underway to develop modeling tools for research of circulation dynamics off Peru, in combination with atmospheric modeling. Furthermore forecasting of climate conditions (especially for ENSO evolution) is being improved with statistical and modeling tools. We are now planning to start a new research area on paleoclimate modeling. Understanding the Value of the marine sector Peru has created a national technical group for the valuation o goods and services from natural resources, under the National Environmental Commission (CONAM). The task of this group is to elaborate guidelines for the development of tools for valuing the services provided among others from our oceans. Some studies have been developed on the knowledge of non economic and economic value of the marine environment, specifically referred to coastal bays. More work has to be done in this field. Managing the marine environment sustainable Ecosystem-based Management Large efforts are being directed towards implementing an integrated management of our marine ecosystem. The result of an important part of this work was presented during the International Conference “The Humboldt Current System: climate, oceans ecosystem processes and fisheries” held in Lima in December 2006 that will be published in a special issue of the Progress in Oceanography scientific journal in May 2008. Some of this work deals with paradigms like the trophic ecology of anchovy, ecotrophic modelisation of the entire ecosystem, impact of physics on fish and fishers, changes in hake population related to fishing mortality, meso-scale activities, etc. Peru is also participating in the EUR-OCEANS working group: “EAF indicators: a comparative approach across ecosystems” directed to develop and compare ecosystem indicators for each one of the most important ones in the world. To follow on this, a working group called “Ecosystem approach to Fisheries in Peru” has been locally implemented aimed to assess how far Peru is from the implementation of the Ecosystem approach to Fisheries. These and other research projects are underway with the cooperation of IRD from France. Results are expected to improve real time fisheries management under an ecosystems approach. Marine Protected Areas (MPA) Peru is considered to have one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world being the Humboldt Large Marine Ecosystem one of the most productive of the oceans. There is an international concern to protect these ecosystems using small representative protected areas for the conservation of endemic species or other valuable assets. In the ocean, these are the Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s). Several countries already have advanced programs of MPAs in their national coastline and open ocean under their jurisdiction. In Peru there is still a small % of its coastline classified as MPA. An important initiative is currently being developed, to protect the guano islands and capes along the coast. The Peruvian guano islands and coastal capes were under special protection due to the guano bird population since 1909. A new law has recently approved to include these islands and capes as part of the Peruvian System of Natural Protected Areas. This will make this new system of islands the single MPA that stretches in such a large area along the coast of South America. Currently, Peru is elaborating the Plan of Action for the Natural Protected Areas of Islands and Coastal Capes within the framework of the Humboldt LME project, and the financial support of The Nature Conservancy. Impacts of human activities Although the Peruvian coastline is mostly unpolluted, there are some areas with levels of pollution in specific populated coastal cities and industrial bays areas. Examples are Ferrol Bay in Chimbote and Callao Bay where the industrial and urban wastes have altered their marine ecosystems due to the high levels of organic and inorganic pollutants. Several institutions manage a network of coastal sample stations and laboratories that are monitoring the water quality for recreation, domestic and industrial uses. In order to reduce the impacts of human activities, including fishing practices and aquaculture, Peru’s local authorities including the national Ministry for Industry and Fisheries, the national environmental authority and specialized institutions have been working jointly with NGO´s and the private sector to set up specific programs along the coastal zone. The Ministry will soon approve new standards for maximum allowable limits for industrial effluents and the private sector is investing in treatment plants and submarine collectors Another program is carried out in the coastal areas and beaches by the Peruvian sanitary authority to monitor water quality for recreational purposes. Another important activity is related to national and international efforts in marine conservation promoting good fishing practices among artisanal fishermen to avoid stranding and incidental catches of seabirds, marine turtles and other species. Marine Pollution Peru is implementing the national and regional component of the Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA). Baseline studies have been carried out in the most important coastal areas affected by landbase activities, and 2 pilot projects have been carried out to mitigate the impact of landbase industrial discharges: The first project was implemented in the National Marine Reserve of Paracas, an important area where fisheries, tourism and the construction of a Natural Gas Processing Facility, required a management plan. In 2003 a Commission for the sustainable development of the Paracas Bay was established to elaborate an Action Plan. The recovery of this bay has been successful and a monitoring program of the water quality is carried out in a permanent basis. The second pilot project, funded by the UNEP is designed to reduce the Ferrol Bay pollution, an area affected by several landbase discharges and the most important fishing harbor in the coast of Peru. The baseline study of this project and the diagnostics are already finished, and a plan of action is being developed to reduce the land based pollutants to recover this seriously affected bay. The project included the development of an ecological zonation, the biodiversity study, the social and economic diagnosis and the inventory of land-based sources of pollution. In order to coordinate all national efforts to protect the marine environment and coastal zones a National Commission was installed in 2006. Its task will be to implement the local Action Plan for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Zones of the Southeast Pacific. High level representatives of several Ministries and the National Environmental Council are planning activities to address the protection and conservation of the coastal ecosystems and the reduction of risks to human health. Support international and regional cooperation from various sources including oil spills and discharges from vessels DICAPI At the regional level, Peru is an active participant in the Regional and National Plans of Contingency against oil spills and other harmful substances coordinated between coastal nations of the Southeast Pacific (Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile). Periodically, regional meetings, oil spill simulation exercises, and advanced training courses are being coordinated within these plans at the local and regional level. In addition, other international agreements and protocols are being implemented for the prevention and control of the marine environmental pollution from various sources. Derelict fishing gear and derelict vessels Peru recently started a national Field Survey among artisanal and industrial fishermen to gather information on the impacts of derelict fishing gear in the Peruvian fisheries. It is being conducted by the Fisheries Institute with the cooperation of fishermen organizations, local universities and NGO`s. There is also a current project for compiling information on the activity of artisan fisheries including non reported fishing. A joint project is underway with artisan fishing communities to assess the impact of these activities. Marine Invasive Species Peru is a member of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD). Within this framework a national Action Plan for the Conservation of Biodiversity has been elaborated by the CPPS at the regional level. Taking into consideration the CBD strategic objectives on invasive marine species, namely to develop measures to identify and monitor invasive organisms and to establish networks and other mechanisms for a rapid and efficient treatment to these organisms, Peru has elaborated the first Preliminary Report on marine invasive alien species (IAS). An international Workshop on IAS emergent threats identified the need for the following lines of action: Analyzing the information on exotic invasive species to identify affected areas in the marinecoastal zone of Peru. Improving the Data Base for the elaboration of the list of potential invasive exotic species resulting from the aquiculture and maritime transport (ballast waters) activities Peru is currently evaluating its membership to the Ballast Waters Management Agreement, adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2004. At the national level a Resolution of the National Maritime Authority dated March 2006, regulates the control of ballast waters and sediment discharges from vessels. This regulation is related to Resolution 868-IMO, to prevent the risk of transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogen agents from the ballast waters. Other Vulnerable Areas Peru has several marine coastal vulnerable ecosystems like mangroves and wetlands. Both areas are considered under the System of National Protected Areas, and actions are being planed for the sustainable use and conservation of these areas. Since 2002, the Institute of Natural Resources has created a Working Group with the purpose of implementing Ramsar Convention guidelines and the development of national policies on wetlands. Enabling Sustainable Development of Coastal Communities Enable Integrated Coastal Management Nearly 60% of the Peruvian population lives in the coastal area, most of it in large cities but an important number in several coastal communities mainly devoted to fishing activities. The artisanal and industrial fisheries have been growing and hence increasing the pressure on the coastal ecosystems. There is an urgent need to implement sustainable development plans for these communities. As mentioned above in this report, two pilot projects have been developed in 2 sensible coastal areas. However, much work must be done in this respect in the future. The national Action Plan under the committee for the Protection of the Marine Coastal Areas has addressed this issue and is priorizing projects in other sensible coastal areas. Our economy is developing the ICAM (Integrated Coastal Area Management) concept to be applied for coastal communities. We require capacity building programs to implement this modern approach to coastal management. At a regional level, the IOC of UNESCO is sponsoring an ICAM training program for the Southeast Pacific countries which is currently being implemented. Hazard Mitigation The main costal hazards that affect the coastal communities in Peru are earthquakes and the consequent tsunamis. Coastal flooding and landslides caused by heavy rain due to the El Niño phenomena in the normally dry coastal areas are also hazardous for the coastal population. Tsunamis Peru is member of the International Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), and member of the International System of Tsunamis Warning in the Pacific (ITSU). The Peru Hydrographic Office manages a coastal sea level network that provides information for the tsunami warning system in order to mitigate its impacts in the Pacific. This Office of the Navy is responsible for the national Tsunami warning system. As such, it makes awareness and training campaigns for local fishermen and authorities along the coast. It also produces the inundation charts for the most vulnerable and populated areas of the coast to help authorities organize their evacuations plans. On February 2008, the Hydrographic office organized the international meeting "Workshop for the establishment of a Regional System of Early Warning against Tsunamis for the Southeast Pacific Ocean ". The objective of this event was to improve the existing conditions of local observations systems and it integration to the Regional Network for the exchange of updated data during a possible “Tsunami Warning". On October 15th 2008, a strong earthquake hit the southern coast of Peru and a tsunami arrived to the coastal town of Pisco. This tsunami affected the large fisheries population whose boats landed on the coast some severely damaged. The government implemented a plan to help this fishermen community to recover their gear and boats and go back to their activities. Coastal storms Coastal storms are not severe along the coast of Peru, but they can be hazardous to small fishing vessels and to seafood collectors along the coast. It produces coastal storm forecasts for 12, 24 and 48 hours. The local Port Captain Offices along the coast are responsible for providing this information to local fishermen so they can take appropriate action. In severe storm conditions the Port authority will close all port activities to prevent and mitigate the possible impact on vessels and crew. El Niño and La Niña In order to mitigate El Niño impacts, the government has organized an El Niño warning and prevention system. This is managed by a national committee of 4 national research institutions and the Civil Defense system. The committee provides monthly reports on El Niño and La Niña warnings to the public and the media, and the Civil Defense local committees are responsible for organizing and prepare the population to prevent and mitigate the possible impact of these events. The Direction of Hidrography and Navigation and IMARPE are responsible for the assessment of the oceanographic conditions in Peru. It has participated in the elaboration of the official statements and Technical Reports on the assessment of the climatic event La Niña which affected the coast of Peru from April 2007 to date. Because of the important economic impact of this event, the government has created a high level authority called the PREVEN (reduction of vulnerabilities against El Niño). Post-Natural Disaster Rehabilitation and Planning Because the coast of Peru is frequently affected by natural disasters, there is a national effort to prepare action plans to attend coastal communities in disaster rehabilitation. The national office of Civil Defense is responsible of this post natural disaster rehabilitation plans. They have a decentralized logistical support system, and an information system to manage their resources in the case of a disaster. The main task of the Civil Defense is the organization and training of local authorities to be able to develop and manage their own local disaster mitigation plans. The local mayor of each city is the Civil Defense responsible for his community and for his emergency plans in case of natural disasters. In extreme events, the Armed Forces have their own plans to provide logistical support to transport food, medicines and tents to all the territory using trucks ships and planes as necessary.