Download Unit #3 Post Classical Period

Unit #3
Post Classical Period
Regional and Transregional
Interactions
c. 600 – c. 1450 CE
Material from AP World Crash Course by Jay P. Harmon
delivered at College Board AP Workshop, Tucson, AZ
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions
c.600-c.1450 CE
• Key Concept 3.1
• Expansion and Intensification of Communication
and Exchange Networks
• There was no sustained contact between the
Americas and Afro-Eurasia, but trans-regional
networks grew
• Pastoral & nomadic groups played a key role in the
growth of communication and exchange networks
• Religions and belief systems spread along trade
networks
• Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Confucianism
gained a large number of adherents
Regional and Transregional
Interactions c.600-c.1450 CE
• Key Concept 3.2
• Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and
Their Interactions
• The old imperial form of government revived in this
time period with the Byzantine Empire and Chinese
Dynasties
• Sui (589-618), Tang (618-907), & Song(960-1279)
• However, expansion of Islam create a new form of
government, the caliphate
• Mongols created a new form called the khanates
• City-states emerged in the Italian peninsula, East
Africa, Southeast Asia, and Mesoamerica
Regional and Transregional
Interactions c.600-c.1450 CE
• Key Concept 3.3
• Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its
Consequence
• Technological innovations led to increased
agricultural production
• This allowed cities and towns to grow
• Patriarchal social structures remained in place,
although women gained power and influence in
some regions
• New forms of coerced labor appeared, including
serfdom in Europe and Japan and the extension of
the mit’a in the Inca Empire
Dates that defined c.600 – c.1450 CE
• These dates defined the time period
• c. 1433 Zheng He’s voyages of exploration
ended
• c. 1440 the printing press developed in
Europe
• 1453: the Ottomans took control of
Constantinople
• 1492: Columbus reached the Americas
Byzantine Empire under Justinian
Byzantine Empire
650 CE
1180 CE
Islamic Caliphate
The Caliphate, 622–750
Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphs, 632–661
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
Note on Caliphs and Caliphates
• First four beginning with Abu Bakr were elected by the
Muslim council (non-blood line—Sunni; Ali, Muhammad’s
son-in-law, cousin was passed over)
• Rashidun Caliphs, 632–661 (shown on the map)
• Umayyad Caliphate , 661–750
• Largest expansion of Islam—capital in Damascus
• 5th largest empire in world history measuring
population and territory
• Umayyad’s are Sunni
• Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258
• Abbasid’s are Sunni
• Abbasid’s came from Persian converts; Golden Age of
Islam is under the Abbasid Caliphate
• Capital moved to Bagdad; the Mongols sack them in
1258
Sui Dynasty
Important Migrations c.600-c.1450 CE
• Vikings from northern Europe into
France, Russia, Iceland, and Greenland
• Mongols south and west across Asia and
into eastern Europe
• Arabs across North Africa and into Spain
Vikings originated from
Denmark, Norway, & Sweden
Mongols (1206-1368)
Arab Migration- Umayyad Caliphate
661–750 CE
“Dar al Islam”=Home of Islam
Areas where Muslims are majority
Key Concept 3.1
• Expansion and Intensification of
Communication and Exchange Networks
• Trade was strong in the era c.600 BCE-c.600 CE
• It now intensified during c.600-c.1450
• Cities Increased in number and importance
• Important Afro-Eurasian trading cities along routes in
this era included Djenne, Timbuktu, and Gao in West
Africa
• Don’t confuse Gao in West Africa with Goa in
South Asia
Technological Changes & Trading Practices
Djenne
GAO
Timbuktu
Technological Changes & Trading Practices
• Cities Increase in number and importance of trading cities
• Byzantium and Novgorod in Europe
Byzantium- Constantinople
Technological Changes & Trading Practices
• Cities Increase in number and importance of trading cities
• Bagdad in Southwest Asia
Technological Changes & Trading Practices
• Cities Increase in number and importance of trading cities
• Samarkand and Bukhara in Central Asia
Technological Changes & Trading Practices
• Cities Increase in number and importance of trading cities
• Dunhuang & Chang'an in East Asia
Technological Changes & Trading Practices
• Important seaports that added to the
intensification of trade included
• Venice and Byzantium in Europe
• Tyre and Hormuz in Southwest Asia
• Zanzibar and Kilwa on East African coast
• Calicut and Goa in South Asia
• Melaka (Malacca) in Southeast Asia
• Hangzhou and Guangzhou in East Asia
Important seaports that added to the
intensification of trade included
Tyre and Hormuz in Southwest Asia
Important seaports that added to the
intensification of trade included
Zanzibar and Kilwa in East Africa
Zanzibar
Kilwa
Important seaports that added to the
intensification of trade included
Calicut and Goa in South Asia
Important seaports that added to the
intensification of trade included
Melaka (Malacca) in Southeast Asia
Important seaports that added to the
intensification of trade included
Hangzhou and Guangzhou in East Asia
Hangzhou
Guangzhou
(Canton)
Important trade events in this era
• Luxury items were traded in these cities in greater
quantity, along with everyday items
• Silk remained a high demand commodity
throughout Afro-Eurasia
• New technologies brought gunpowder, paper, the
compass and the astrolabe
• Biggest occurrence in this time period is advent of
Islam
• Missionaries and merchants moved with great
rapidity into South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia
and northern Africa
Important trade events in this era
• There was some decline in trade along the Silk road with
the fall of the Han and Indian Ocean Trade declined
because of political unrest
• Sui( 581–618 CE), Tang (618-907), and Song (9601279) Dynasties reestablished government stability &
supported trade by land and sea
• Grand Canal built in this time period
• Indian Ocean Trade network was self-regulating
• Mongols (1271-1368) would eventually establish Pax
Mongolica to stabilize the Silk Road Trade
• Byzantine Empire was a major political, economic, and
social power in the eastern half of the Mediterranean
• Muslim Caliphates and Mongol empires kept trade
routes open (Pax Mongolica)- NOTE: “Pax Romana” &
“Pax Mongolica” are great terms to use in your essays
West African Trade between 11th
th
& 15 centuries
Major Trade Routes c.1300 CE
c.600-c.1450 CE
A Little More on the Intensification of Trade
• Merchants from many cultures began settling
into areas very far from their homelands into
pockets of communities
• Jewish and Christian merchants and their families
lived in major trade cities in China, South Asia,
Central Asia, North Africa, western Europe, the
Byzantine Empire and the Persian Gulf
• Muslim communities were established in trading
cities around the rim of the Indian Ocean,
Southeast Asia, North Africa, West Africa, Muslim
Spain, the Byzantine Empire, and China
A Little More on the Intensification of Trade
(continued)
• Sogdian merchants from Persia traveled east and
west across the Silk Roads, establishing communities
from the Byzantine Empire to China
• Their greatest contribution was the translation of
religious texts; works from Islam, Christianity,
Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism
• Chinese merchants established residences in
Southeast Asia and throughout Indian Ocean cities
• We can call all this movement the “merchant
diaspora”
• They were all drawn to new regions by the ability
to make money; many government's aided them
because of the benefits of trade
A Little More on the Intensification of Trade
Two Well-known Travelers
• Marco Polo
• A Description of the World – opened European
eyes to the Orient’s advancements
• Ibn Battuta
• A Muslim traveler from North Africa who in early
1300s began a journey of 30 years through out
Dar-al Islam
• He traveled to West Africa, Muslim Spain, North
Africa, Byzantine Empire, Islamic Caliphates in
South West Asia, East Africa, South Asia,
Southeast Asia, and East Asia
• Estimated 75,000 mile of travel
Intensification of Trade:
Technology, ideas, and diseases are exchanged
• Time period of c. 600 – c.1450 great exchange
of technology
• This movement was mostly from eastern side of
Afro-Eurasia, especially China, through India
westward and eventually into Europe
• From China came paper-making, printing,
compass, gunpowder, and cannons
• China learned how to grow and process cotton
and sugar; learned how to grow better rice from
Vietnam
• India merchants “exported” mathematical
concepts, such as negative numbers and zero into
Western Europe and Muslim Spain
Time period of c. 600 – c.1450 great exchange of
technology
• Muslim scholars preserved libraries of Greek
literature and science left throughout the empire by
Alexander the Great
• Europeans rediscovered their Greek and Roman
heritage through contacts with Muslims in Spain
• This helped spark the European Renaissance in
the beginning of the 14th century
• Arts moved along the Silk Roads and other trade
routes
• Cymbals, tambourines, & guitar came from East
and Central Asia
• Hindu and Buddhist sculptures and temples, not
just in South Asia, but in Southeast Asia & China
Time period of c. 600 – c.1450 also exchange of disease
• Bubonic plague in 14th century CE often attributed to
the expansion of trade under the Mongols
• Black Death entered the Black Sea region of the
Byzantine Empire and travel into western Europe
on caravans
• Estimated that Europe lost one-third of its
population
Origin and Diffusion of Religions
Origins and Spread of Black Death
in Asia
Spread of Bubonic Plague
Governments in Post-Classical c.600-c.1450 CE
• Post Classical Period saw the rise of important
civilizations
• Byzantine, Abbasid, Tang, Song, and Mongol (Yuan)
• Classical Empires Fall
• Roman Empire fell in 476 CE & Europe collapsed
into the “Dark Ages”—much of the territory
overrun by Germanic tribes
• Christian Church remained intact & Roman Catholic
Church provided social order and political stability
• The Pope became the defacto political head of
Europe and a hierarchy of support with cardinals,
bishops, arch bishops, priests and nuns
Government in Europe
• Primary political governance came from the Catholic
Church during the early portion of this time period
• Secular leadership at the beginning of this time
period was local
• Local landowners (Lords) managed large farms
(manors) with poor landless people (serfs)
• Privately paid soldiers (knights) provided the
protection from intruders (rival lords, bandits,
Vikings)
• Once a landowner became a very large land
holder often through conquest, he could call
himself a “king” of his land (country)
Government in Europe
• Power between the Church and secular leaders began
to escalate
• By 700 CE change was shifting back to secular leaders
• First beginning was with Charles Martel defeating a
Muslim army that had penetrated France from
conquest in Spain (Battle of Tours)
• 800 CE Charlemagne, Martel’s grandson united
much of modern France, Germany, & northern
Italy into a “New Roman Empire”
• Movement for power now developed between
Christian church leaders and secular leaders
• This lasted for several centuries
Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine
• Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, but Eastern
portion, Byzantine Empire, flourished
• At its height it was one of the most powerful
empires in the world, covering eastern Europe and
almost all of North Africa
• Greatest leader of the Byzantine Empire was
Justinian – established a unified legal code
(Justinian’s Code) throughout his empire
• During its history, Byzantine Empire was in constant
conflict with Muslim caliphates—near its end was on
the verge of collapse with Muslim forces
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest
Asia, North Africa, & South Asia
• Islam developed in Southwest Asia (Arabian
peninsula) in early 7th century
• Muhammad’s visions and teachings of monotheism
and Five Pillars began spreading rapidly
• Five Pillars required: 1) testimony of faith; 2) Prayer 5
times per day; 3) Giving Zakat (Support of the Needy);
4) Fasting during the month of Ramadan; & 5)
Pilgrimage to Mecca
• Note that the Zakat was much higher for
nonbelievers causing them to convert
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest
Asia, North Africa, & South Asia
• Concept of jihad
• Jihad, or struggle for the faith, inspired
Muslim armies to conquer lands of
nonbelievers in Southwest Asia and
Northern Africa
• Not all Muslims adopted this aggressive
interpretation of jihad; many considered it
simply to be the struggle within
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest
Asia, North Africa, & South Asia
• Effects of Islam of Islam
• Islam had an immediate effect on polytheistic
nomadic herders in the Arabian peninsula
uniting them by force or choice
• Spread of Islam went both eastward and
westward
• By 732 CE Muslims and Christians were
fighting in France at the Battle of Tours
• Islam became the dominant culture in Spain
and North Africa
• By mid-8th century Islam went from Spain,
across North Africa, and into modern-day
India and Pakistan by the mid 8th century
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest
Asia, North Africa, & South Asia
• Lack of succession after Muhammad set the
course of Islam into one of factional sects and
regional caliphates (Know Shia & Sunni)
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Originally ruled from Damascus, but after
clashing with the Abbasid Caliphate it
established a dynasty in Cordoba, Spain
• Rule in Spain peaked in 11th century and stayed
until 15th century; Spain was stable while
western Europe was recovering from collapse
of Roman Empire
• Muslim Spain traded with the Arab world
during the Middle Ages
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest
Asia, North Africa, & South Asia
• Abbasid Caliphate (c.750-c. 1250 CE)
• Centered in Bagdad and at its peak in 10th century,
and stretched from Turkey into Central Asia and
across North Africa
• Bagdad a very cosmopolitan city with Arabs,
Persians, Turks, South Asians, Christians, Jews,
Buddhists, and Muslims living there
• Culture of Abbasids was adapted from Persians
with Persians serving in the government
(remember satraps in Achaemenid Empire);
Persian art and literature was prominent (1001
Nights)
• Turkish Muslims from the north, among them
Seljuk's, held important posts in the Abbasid
Caliphate
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest
Asia, North Africa, & South Asia
• Abbasid Caliphate (c.750-c. 1250 CE)
• Abbasids employed Turkish soldiers—Mamluks in
their army
• Abbasids over time lost power to local rulers, faced
peasant revolts throughout their empire, and were
sacked by the Mongols in mid-13th century
• Abbasid Era is known as the Golden Age of Islam
• Poets, scholars, scientists and artist were
welcomed in the region; advances made in
astronomy, medicine and math (al-jabr)
• A phrase existed, “the ink of the scholar is more
holy than the blood of the martyr”
The Crusades 1095 – 1291
• Crusades were a series of Muslim-Christian clashes
over the control of Southwest Asia beginning in the
late 11th century and lasting close to 200 years
• Christians sought to re-establish their faith in
Southwest Asia
• Political and economic causes
• Byzantines wanted to retake land lost to the
Seljuk Turks—asked help from western Europe
• Greatest economic cause was fear that luxury
goods from Asia (silk and spices) would be cut off
by the Muslims if Constantinople came under
Muslim control
The Crusades 1095 – 1291
• Result of the Crusades
• Europeans gained only small territories along the
eastern coast of the Mediterranean
• Jerusalem became jointly occupied by Muslims,
Jews and Christians
• Europeans ultimately benefited by from the
rediscovery of Roman and Greek literature that
Muslim scholars had maintained for centuries
• Revived science, math, and philosophy of the
Classical civilizations led to the Renaissance in
the 14th and 15th centuries
• This is a contributing cause of eventual
European hegemony
The Crusades 1095 – 1291
• Economic results of the Crusades
• Europeans benefitted with the transference of
Asian spices, foods, silks, cotton, and many other
products
• Demand for the Asian products led to trading
towns and routes to the East and increased
wealth in the West
• The search for easier routes to the East led to
maritime explorations funded by European
monarchs (Columbus)
• Negative consequences led to eventual
transference of the Black Death into Europe
China’s Dynasties
• After the fall of the Han (c.220 CE) regional rulers
emerged in China
• Next family to unite much of China was the Sui
followed by the golden ages of the Tang and Song
dynasties
• Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE) revived the Great Wall
building and began the contraction of the Grand
Canal
• Sui reinstituted the Confucian examination system
for civil service and Buddhism increased in
popularity during their reign
China’s Dynasties—Tang (618-907 CE)
• Tang followed closely after the Sui and
together with the Song it represented the
Golden Age of Chinese influence in culture,
economic power, and scientific achievement
• Tang ruled from Chang’an, modern-day Xi’an
• Tang continued work on the Great Wall and
continued to strengthen the Confucian
examination system
China’s Dynasties—Tang (618-907 CE)
• Tang rejected Buddhism, strengthened their
empire with military power, diplomacy and
trade
• Tang conducted a census, raised the tax base
• Tang’s art was among the most beautiful,
especially their ceramics
• Tang’s technology included printing,
gunpowder, medicine, the compass, & ship
construction—more advanced than any place
in the world at that time
China’s Dynasties--Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
• Song dynasty followed the Tang, which collapsed after
flood, famines, pirates, and bandits weakened it
• The rise of a new dynasty in China could happened in
relatively quickly times in world history time because
of the belief in the “MANDATE OF HEAVEN”
• Chinese believed if one dynasty fell another one
was on the way
• Mandate of Heaven
• The Mandate determines whether an emperor of
China is sufficiently virtuous to rule; if he does not
fulfill his obligations as emperor, then he loses the
Mandate and thus the right to be emperor.
More on the Mandate of Heaven
• There are four principles to the Mandate:
• 1) Heaven grants the emperor the right to rule,
• 2) Since there is only one Heaven, there can only
be one emperor at any given time,
• 3) The emperor's virtue determines his right to
rule, and,
• 4) No one dynasty has a permanent right to
rule.
• Signs that a particular ruler had lost the Mandate of
Heaven included peasant uprisings, invasions by
foreign troops, drought, famine, floods and
earthquakes.
China’s Dynasties--Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
• Neo-Confucianism developed strongly in the Song
• Neo-Confucianism--an attempt to create a more
rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by
rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of
Daoism and Buddhism
• The movement was a stronger acceptance of
Confucian tradition even though it still had
influences from Buddhism and Daoism
• In change from Tang to Song, the practice of footbinding came back
• This represented the Confucian order of male-first
China’s influence on Korea, Japan, &Vietnam
• Sinification
• A term used for the spread of Chinese culture
• During the Tang and Song Dynasties China
exerted influence over Korea, Japan, and
Vietnam
• Korean scholars interacted with Confucian scholars
and returned to Korean with Chinese books, ideas,
and technology
• A number of the wealthy elite Koreans adopted
Confucianism
China’s influence on Korea, Japan, &Vietnam
• Japan
• Japan voluntarily adapted aspects of the Chinese
culture
• Japan never came under Chines rule, but the
Japanese emperors were very aware of the
success of the Tang and modeled them
• Buddhism became popular in Japan
• Confucianism was adapted by the Japanese
• Remember the “Tale of Genji,” which had a very
civilized courtly life with much Chinese type
protocol
• The courtly life of the emperor opened the way
for the establishment of Shogun and military rule
• Japan developed its own form of feudalism
China’s influence on Korea, Japan, &Vietnam
• Vietnam
• During the Tang Dynasty China invaded Vietnam
• Vietnamese resisted not allowing much success
• Vietnamese women were very strong in its history
and rejected the Confucian system of male
dominance
• China did gain from its interaction with Vietnam
• Borrowed techniques to produce better rice
and more output per hectare
The Mongols 1206 - 1368
• Mongol empire the largest in all of world history
• Founded by Temujin who established the “Great
Law” and united the warring tribes of the
steppes
• It stretched from East Asia to eastern Europe at its
height
• Mongols were and remain pastoralists
• Nomadic people who herd sheep, yaks, goats,
cattle, and most importantly – horses
• There eventual conquering of China under Kublai
Khan ended the Confucian examination system
• Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368)
The Mongols 1206 - 1368
• Pax Mongolica
• Regions and cities that resisted the Mongols
were completely annihilated
• When Bagdad resisted in 1258 the leaders were
dragged through the streets and over 200,00
died
• An estimated one-half of China’s population died
during Mongol rule
• Once Mongol rule gained control, the Silk Road
returned to safe transport
The Mongols 1206 - 1368
• Highlights of the Mongols
• They controlled the largest empire in world
history
• They allowed freedom of religion in conquered
areas
• The Mughal Empire of South Asia took its name
from the Mongols
• Increased trade developed because of Pax
Mongolica, but the Black Death spread all across
the khnates and into Western Europe
Muslim & Christian Kingdoms in Africa
• Sudanic states
• Southwest of the Sahara in the African grasslands
called the Sahel rose the Muslim kingdoms of
Ghana, Songhay, and Mali
• They exported salt, gold, and animal skins across
the desert via camel caravans and connected into
the Afro-Eurasia trade network
• Ethiopia
• Christianity came to Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia
before the advent of Islam
• Christians became a minority over time, but
Ethiopia remained, and still does, remain largely
Christian
• Ethiopia has Christian churches carved out of rock
• New Developments in Agriculture and Manufacturing
• New Developments in Agriculture and Manufacturing
• New Developments in Agriculture and Manufacturing
Cities Decline and Then Revive
Cities Decline and Then Revive
Cities Decline and Then Revive
Cities Decline and Then Revive
Cities Decline and Then Revive
Cities Decline and Then Revive
Old and New Types of Labor
A. Agricultural labor, including labor by serfs, free peasants,
nomadic pastoralists, and slaves remained the main forms of
labor.
Old and New Types of Labor
Old and New Types of Labor
Old and New Types of Labor
Changes in Gender Relations and Family Life
Changes in Gender Relations and Family Life
Civilization of Influence c.600 – 1450 CE
• Southwest Asia
• West Africa
• East Africa
• North Africa
• Mediterranean
• South Asia
• East Asia
• Central Asia
• Americas
• Europe
Abbasid, Ottoman, Mongols
Ghana
Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Swahili States
Arab, Ottoman
Byzantine
Delhi Sultanates
Tang, Song, Mongol (Yuan), Ming
Mongols
Maya, Aztecs
Muslim Iberia (Portugal & Spain)
Important Technology c.600-c.1450
• Paper money, block printing, gunpowder, (firearms:
China)
• Mechanical clock, eyeglasses, English longbow,
(wheeled plow: Europe)
• (University system of education: North Africa)
Key Terms and Concepts
• Trans-Sahara Trade
• Islam
• Caliphate
• Crusades
• Dar-al Islam
• Diffusion of Religions
• Byzantine Empire
• Tang and Song Dynasties
• Sinification
• Mongols
• Black Death
Mayan States
Coerced Labor
Feudalism
Zheng He
Ibn Battuta
Marco Polo
Pax Mongolica
Black Death
Mansa Musa
Zheng He