Download KEY CHAPTER 15 OBJECTIVES: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1

KEY CHAPTER 15 OBJECTIVES: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1.
List the organs that compose the cardiovascular system and discuss the general functions
of this system.
ORGANS
FUNCTION
HEART
TO TRANSPORT BLOOD TO AND
FROM ALL ORGANS AND TISSUES
BLOOD VESSELS
2.
Describe the location, size, and orientation of the human heart.
THE HEART IS LOCATED IN THE MEDIASTINUM, BEHIND THE
STERNUM, WITH THE APEX SLIGHTLY TO THE LEFT OF CENTER
ABOVE THE DIAPHRAGM.
3.
Define the term cardiology.
THE STUDY OF THE HEART
4. Describe the structure of the heart in terms of its coverings, wall layers, chambers, valves,
and blood vessels. Please label any of these structures present in the diagram below.
Coverings
A FIBROUS PERICARDIUM = DENSE REGULAR CT;
B PARIETAL PERICARDIUM = SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
ET/LOOSE AREOLAR CT
Layers
C VISCERAL PERICARDIUM = SSET/LACT
A EPICARDIUM = SSET/LACT
B MYOCARDIUM = CARDIAC MUSCLE
Chambers
Valves
C ENDOCARDIUM = SSET/LACT
A ATRIA: RIGHT ATRIUM RECEIVES DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD FROM VEINS; LEFT ATRIUM RECEIVES
OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM LUNGS
B VENTRICLES: RIGHT VENTRICLE PUMPS BLOOD TO
LUNGS; LEFT VENTRICLE PUMPS BLOOD TO BODY
(AORTA)
1a TRICUSPID LIES BETWEEN THE RIGHT ATRIUM AND
RIGHT VENTRICLES.
1b BICUSPID LIES BETWEEN THE LEFT ATRIUM AND
LEFT VENTRICLE
2a PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE LIES WITHIN
PULMONARY TRUNK
2b AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE LIES WITHIN AORTA
Blood
vessels
associated
with
1a SUPERIOR VENA CAVA FROM UPPER LIMBS/HEAD
EMPTIES INTO RIGHT ATRIUM
1b INFERIOR VENA CAVA FROM TRUNK/LOWER LIMBS
EMPTIES INTO RIGHT ATRIUM
1c CORONARY SINUS FROM MYOCARDIUM EMPTIES
INTO RIGHT ATRIUM
1d PULMONARY VEINS FROM LUNGS EMPTIES INTI
LEFT ATRIUM
2a AORTA FROM LEFT VENTRICLE CARRIES BLOOD TO
ARTEIRIES/BODY PARTS
2b PULMONARY TRUNK FROM RIGHT VENTRICLE
CARRIES BLOOD TO LUNGS TO BE OXYGENATED
5.
Name the function of serous fluid around the heart. LUBRICATION
6.
Give another name for epicardium. VISCERAL PERICARDIUM
7.
Describe the structure and function of the interventricular septum and label it above.
THE IV SEPTUM IS COMPOSED OF THICK MYOCARDIUM ABD IT
SEPARATES THE LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES
8.
Explain why the atria are passive chambers, while the ventricles are active.
ATRIA
VENTRICLES
THEY ARE PASSIVE, RECEIVING THEY ARE ACTIVE, PUMPING
BLOOD FROM VEINS
BLOOD INTO ARTERIES
9.
Name the function of heart valves. TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD
10.
Distinguish between AV and SL valves in terms of location, structure, and when they
close. Please label them above.
AV VALVES
SL VALVES
LOCATION
BETWEEN ATRIA AND WITHIN
MAJOR
VENTRICLES
ARTERIES
STRUCTURE
2
OR
3
CUSPS, 3 CUSPS
ANCHORED
TO
PAPILLARY
MUSCLE
THROUGH
CHORDAE
TENDINEAE
WHEN CLOSED
WHEN
VENTRICLES WHEN
VENTRICLES
CONTRACT
RELAX
11.
Define/describe the terms chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, and trabeculae carneae,
and label each in the diagram above.
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
trabeculae carneae
CORD-LIKE STRUCTURES THAT ANCHOR CUSPS OF
AV VALVES TO PAPILLARY MUSCLE
COLUMNS OF MUSCLE IN VENTRICLES THAT ANCHOR
CUSPS OF AV VALVES
CHARACTERISTIC “FLESHY BEANS” APPEARANCE OF
INNR VENTRICULAR WALL
12.
Name (and locate in the diagram above) the veins that deposit their blood into the atria of
the heart (which atria? deox- or oxygenated?).
VEIN
OXYGENATED
OR
DEOXYNATED WHICH ATRIA?
BLOOD?
SVC
DEOX
RIGHT
IVC
DEOX
RIGHT
CS
DEOX
RIGHT
PV
OX
LEFT
13.
Name (and locate in the diagram above) the arteries that take blood away from the heart
(from which ventricle? deox-or oxygenated blood?).
ARTERY
OXYGENATED
OR
DEOXYNATED FROM WHICH
BLOOD?
VENTRICLE?
AORTA
OX
LEFT
PULMOMARY
DEOX
RIGHT
TRUNK
14.
Distinguish between pulmonary, coronary and systemic circulation.
PULMONARY
CORONARY
SYSTEMIC
HEART
TO
LUNGS TO
AND
FROM TO AND FROM
BACK TO HEART
MYOCARDIUM
BODY PARTS
ALL
15.
16.
Track a drop of blood through the following circulations:
a.
pulmonary (heart to lungs and back to heart)
RIGHT ATRIUM (RA)
TRICUSPID
RIGHT VENTRICLE (RV)
PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE (PSLV)
PULMONARY TRUNK (PT)
PULMONARY ARTERIES (PA)
LUNG CAPILALLARIES (CAPS)
PULMONARY VEINS (PV)
LEFT ATRIUM (LA)
BICUSPID/MITRAL
LEFT VENTRICLE
AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE (ASLV)
AORTA
b.
coronary (through myocardium)
AORTA
CORONARY ARTERIES
MYOCARDIAL CAPS
CARDIAC VEINS
CORONARY SINUS
RIGHT ATRIUM
c.
systemic (heart to body and back to the heart, in general).
AORTA
ARTERIES
ARTERIOLES
CAPILLARIES
VENULES
VEINS
RIGHT ATRIUM
Define the term anastomoses.
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SMALL ARTERIES/ARTERIOLES THAT
PROVIDE ALTERNATE ROUTES FOR BLOOD TO FLOW
17.
Define the terms ischemia and hypoxia, and explain how they are related to the
pathologic conditions of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
ISCHEMIA
REDUCED BLOODFLOW TO A TISSUE
HYPOXIA
REDUCED OXYGEN TO A TISSUE
18.
19.
Discuss what causes reperfusion damage. OXYGEN FREE RADICALS
Name the term referring to all of the events associated with one heartbeat.
CARDIAC CYCLE
20.
Define the terms systole and diastole.
SYSTOLE
CONTRACTION
DIASTOLE
RELAXATION
21.
Name the two major divisions of the cardiac cycle, and compare them in terms of
direction of blood flow, whether valves are opening or closing, and relative pressure
within the chambers.
Phase
VENTRICULAR
CONTRACTIO
N
(SYSTOLE)
ATRIAL
RELAXATION
(diastole)
VENTRICULAR
RELAXATION
(DIASTOLE)
ATRIAL
CONTRACTION
(systole)
Blood
flow
Blood is forced
from ventricles
into arteries.
Atria fill with
blood.
Ventricles fill with
blood.
Blood is forced
from atria into
ventricles.
Valves
SL open
AV closed
SL open
AV closed
AV open
SL closed
AV open
SL closed
Pressure
V high
A low but rises
as filling
continues
V low but rises as
filling continues
A high
22.
Discuss heart sounds in terms of what they represent, how they sound, how they are
detected and their significance.
HEART
WHICH
VALVES VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE OR
SOUND
CLOSING?
DIASTOLE?
LUB
AV VALVES
SYSTOLE
DUP
SL VALVES
DIASTOLE
INCOMPLETE CLOSING OF CUSPS CAUSESBACKFLOW OF BLOOD; THIS IS
HEARD BY STETHOSCOPE AS A “WHOOSHING” SOUND = MURMUR
23.
Discuss the physiological stages of cardiac muscle contraction and trace how they appear
on graph plotting mV vs. time (i.e. ion channels opening causing what event?)
I DON'T HAVE THIS GRAPH IN A FORM TO INCLUDE HERE, BUT REMEMBER
WE DID IT IN CLASS ON THE WHITE BOARD. IT STARTS AT -90mV. SA Node
fires, opening Na+ ion channels causing rapid depolarization (up to +30mV); Na+
channels close and calcium channels open for a long plateau period (allowing for the
contraction mechanism to become activated; the Ca++ channels close and Potassium (K+)
channels open causing repolarization.
24.
Explain why the refractory period between cardiac muscle contractions is so long.
SO THE VENTRICLES CAN FILL WITH ADEQUATE VOLUME OF
BLOOD PRIOR TO CONTRACTION
25. Explain the significance of each component of the cardiac conduction system and trace
how the cardiac impulse travels through the myocardium.
CCS
COMPONENT
LOCATION
SIGNIFICANCE
SENDS CARDIAC
IMPULSE TO ...
Sinoatrial Node
right uppermost
atrial wall
Pacemaker initiates
cardiac impulse 60100 times per minute
Atrioventricular
Node
Atrioventricular
Node
interatrial septum
delay signal to allow
for ventricular filling
Atrioventricular
Bundle
Atrioventricular
Bundle
superior
interventricular
septum
only electrical
junction between
atria & ventricles
right and left bundle
branches
right and left bundle
branches
lateral
interventricular
septum
passes signals down
to apex
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
in papillary muscles
of ventricles
conduct impulse to
the mass of
ventricular
myocardium and
forces blood out
26.
Name the common term for the sinoatrial (SA) node. Pacemaker
N/A
27.
Trace a typical ECG and label each wave or complex and explain what event of the CCS
corresponds to each wave.
28.
Outline the phases of the cardiac cycle in terms of what is happening in the ECG trace,
mechanical events (contraction or relaxation), atrial pressure, ventricular pressure,
ventricular volume, aortic volume and timing.
SEE #21ABOVE.
29.
Define the terms cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV).
CO CO is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute;
the volume of blood that is circulating through the systemic (or
pulmonary) circuit per minute ;
5 liters/minute is normal adult.
HR # of heart beats/minute
SV SV is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle with each contraction
(stroke)
30.
Discuss the factors that regulate heart rate.
HORMONAL FACTORS
NEURAL FACTORS