Download BioHnrs TEST TOPICS: Intro to Cells (4.1

BioHnrs
TEST TOPICS: Intro to Cells (4.1-4.3), Prokaryotes (16.1-16.10) & Viruses (10.17-10.20)
Intro to Cells
 Microscopes
o Light v. Electron
o Scanning Electron v. Transmission Electron
o Benefits & Limitations of each
 Cell theory
 SA:V ratio
o Calculating each
o Importance of ratio?
o How do cells maintain an ideal ratio?
 Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic structure
Prokaryotes
 Ancient bacteria
o Stromatolites - What are they? Significant ecological role?
o What modern bacteria are believed to descend from stromatolites?
 Two prokaryotic domains
 Compare and contrast characteristics of the three domains
 Shapes:
o Spherical - Cocci
o Rod-shaped - Bacillus
o Helical
 Spirilla
 Vibrios
 Spirochetes
 Structural features
o External
 Cell wall
 Archaea v. Bacteria
 Gram-staining
 Pili
o Motility
 Flagella
 Compare to eukaryotic flagella
o Reproduction/Adaptation
 Binary fission
 Conjugatoin
 Endospores
o Internal
 Specialized membranes
 DNA volume compared to euks
 Chromosome structure
 Plasmids
o Nourishment
 Photoautotroph v. Photoheterotroph v. Chemoautotroph v. Chemoheterotroph
 Biofilms
 Extreme environments of Archaea
o Halophiles v. Thermophiles v. Methanogens
o Are all archaea “extremophiles”?
 Bacteria diversity
o Gram negative v. gram positive
o Gram negative Proteobacteria
 Rhizobium – what important ecological role?
 Some other common examples
 Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli & Chlamydias
Gram positive
 Actinomyces – streptomycin
 Cyanobacteria
 Important ecological role
 Significance to modern conditions of earth
Bacteria as pathogens
o Exotoxins v. Endotoxins
o Example of bacterial caused disease
o Methods of combating disease
 Sanitation
 Education
 Medication (antibiotics)
Bacteria & Biological Warfare
o Bacillus anthracis (endotoxin; hardy endospores) – How is it “weaponized”? What does it do?
o Yersinia pestis (endotoxin) - How is it “weaponized”? What does it do?
o Clostridium botulinium (exotoxin)- How is it “weaponized”? What does it do?
Beneficial Bacteria
o Bioremediation
 Waste water/sewage treatment
 “oil-eating” bacterial fertilizers
 Cleaning up mining sites
o Nitrogen fixation
o Photosynthesis & oxygen revolution
o Aid in digestion, supplying nutrition & essential vitamins (probiotics)
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Viruses
 Why are viruses considered non-living?
 Viruses v. Bacteriophages
 Typical viral structure
o Core
o Capsid
o Lipid layer
o Protein markers
 Lytic v. Lysogenic Infections
o Prophage
o Provirus
 Vaccines & Immune response
o How do vaccines work?
o How was the first vaccine developed?
 Retroviruses – Difference from “regular” virus? Example?
 Prions & Viroids - Difference from “regular” virus? Examples?
 Immune system function (general summary)
o Macrophages & Messenger Macrophages
o Helper & Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
o B cells & Plasma cells
o Antigens & Antibodies
After completing your study guide, you should be able to….
1. Describe the structure and function of a virus.
2. Explain how viruses were discovered and the hypotheses regarding their evolution.
3. Explain how viruses can differ and identify what they all have in common.
4. Describe how the human immune system functions to prevent repeat viral infections.
5. Explain what a vaccine is and provide a historical account of their development.
6. Compare the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral reproduction.
7. State the differences between how a bacterium causes infection and how a virus causes an infection.
8. Contrast an RNA virus (mumps virus), DNA virus (like herpes viruses), and retrovirus (HIV).
9. Describe how a virus causes disease and explain why antibiotics cannot be used as treatment.
10. Describe the human immunodeficiency virus and explain its reproductive cycle. Explain why disease symptoms of
HIV may not be noticeable immediately.
11. Define the term vaccine, describe the first vaccine, and state why vaccines cannot be produced to protect against
every viral disease.
12. Explain any benefits humans utilize from the existence of viruses.
13. Defend whether or not you would consider viruses to be living or non-living.
14. Contrast a virus and a bacteria cell. Identify similarities and differences.
15. Describe the contributions of two famous virologists, Edward Jenner and Jonas Salk.
16. Identify several scientists and their discovery that led to the cell theory.
17. State the cell theory (3 key points).
18. Distinguish between a light microscope, TEM, and SEM.
19. Differentiate between resolution and magnification.
20. Calculate surface area to volume ratio for a cell when given its dimensions.
21. Give three reasons for why cell size is limited.
22. Use dimensional analysis to convert between units of the metric system.
23. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
24. Identify and describe the two domains of prokaryotes.
25. State the characteristics used to classify a prokaryote as a member of Archaea or Bacteria.
26. State the function of pili, endospores, and a prokaryote capsule. Describe the following features that scientists use to
classify prokaryotes: cell shape, cell groupings, cell wall structure, gram staining, and motility.
27. Explain binary fission and contrast transformation, conjugation, and transduction as methods of genetic
recombination.
28. For prokaryotes, describe the four modes of nutrition and identify which mode cyanobacteria rely on.
29. Describe the oxygen revolution and state the role of cyanobacteria.
30. Identify the parts to a prokaryotic cell and the functions of each.
31. Explain how prokaryotes recycle chemicals (carbon and nitrogen) between organic matter and the nonliving
environment.
32. Provide some detail (3 key characteristics) on the diversity of domain Archaea(16.6) and domain Bacteria.
33. Describe several different ways that prokaryotes are helpful to humans. Specifically address bioremediation.
34. Describe how bacteria cause disease.
35. Identify agents and explain how these prokaryotes can be used as “bioterrorism”.
36. Identify preventative measures to avoid bacterial infections.
37. State concern(s) about the overuse of antibiotics. Explain how antibiotic resistance can evolve over time.
38. Apply descriptive and analytical techniques in epidemiology to an epidemic outbreak investigation. Interpret the data
to identify the etiologic agent and the source of contamination.