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A. What is Blood? • Blood is the tissue of transport in your body • Humans have ~ 4-6 liters of blood Function: What does it Do? • It carries needed materials (O2) to the cells and also carries waste materials away from the cells C. What is Blood made of? • Blood is made up of two things! – Plasma – Blood Cells • Blood is both liquid (Plasma) and solid (blood cells) PLASMA 1. Plasma – –90% water There are 3 kinds of Blood Cells: • Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) • White Blood Cells (WBC’s) • Platelets Red Blood Cells • Disk-shaped • Contain a Red substance called Hemoglobin (gives blood it’s color) • Carries oxygen to all parts of the body • Removes carbon dioxide waste made by the cells White Blood Cells • Warrior cells – they fight disease and infection • “Patrol” for invaders and engulf foreign and harmful germs in the body (phagocytosis) Whenever a germ or infection enters the body, the WBC’s race towards the scene of the crime Platelets • Give off a chemical that helps blood to clot and therefore stops bleeding Fibrin How do I get a Blood Type? • Genes (inherited factors) are responsible for the characteristics of an organism • The child gets one gene from each parent for blood type. Blood Types • Each human has one of Four major blood types: • A • B • AB • O • These types are based on the antigens present on the surface of Red Blood Cells What are Antigens? • Antigens are proteins and include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. • When a foreign substance is detected an antibody is produced to mark and attack it. Failure of homeostasis ________ Failure of Foreign invaders or Organisms known Failure of as pathogens _______ Virus 1. ______________ Examples: Cold Failure of Flu AIDS Chick pox The Flu Virus bacteria 2. ______________ Examples: of StrepFailure throat Syphilis Food poisoning What is Immunity? A. The body’s primary defense __________ against disease causing agents Immune System B. Our immune system can tell the difference between our “self” _________ and “non-self” ____________ • Pathogens, foreign substances, or cancer cells can be identified by molecules on their outside surface called antigens ________________ •Cells communicate through the use of receptor molecules on the outer surface of the membrane Receptor molecules Antigens stimulate The production of White blood cells ______________& Antibodies ________________ White Blood Cell with RBC’s White Blood Cells General Attackers • If an antigen does make its way into your body, the find WBC’s find __________, __________ attack and kill that foreign _______ microbe Antibodies: Specific Attackers •Antibodies are a type protein of _______molecule specific with a__________ shape Antibodies They either attack _____________ an invader (pathogen) Or mark ______________ them to be destroyed Antibodies •Antibodies fit onto antigen the ___________of the invader like a key fits into a lock. Note in Notes: Lymph nodes • Lymph nodes are like fighting arenas because battles occur there. • They are found throughout the body: neck, armpits, and groin. • A swollen gland is a sign that a battle is raging in the lymph node. •A transplanted organ is foreign to the body •The body sees it as an antigen and sends antibodies to destroy it There are 2 types of Immunity: 1. Active Immunity 2. Passive Immunity There are 2 ways to acquire Active immunity: a. You have already produced antibodies _____________ from a previous exposure b. You are given a _______________ vaccine How do we make a vaccine? c. Vaccines are dead or weakened antigens _________ that are injected into the body How do we make a vaccine? • First a piece of the virus is killed or weakened. • Then some is injected into the body. • Your body recognizes this as foreign and creates antibodies against it for the future. • You do not get sick from a vaccine. Vaccines • The immune system forms Antibodies ____________ which fight the pathogen (antigens) and remain inside the body for protection against future attacks Passive a. transferred antibodies from person to person • Ex: nursing infants, blood transfusions • Provides short-term immunity HIV – is a ________ virus that causes AIDS How HIV works: • HIV has a special shape on its surface which fits perfectly into a shape on the ____________ T-Cell HIV is passed from one person to another through: • Sex (body fluids) • Sharing needles • Using contaminated blood • Mother’s milk HIV • The virus travels through the bloodstream to many different places in the body • It attacks the T-Cells which coordinate the immune response Sometimes, your Immune System makes a mistake, and starts attacking the wrong thing! Two examples are: Allergies _________________ _________________ Arthritis What is an Allergy? An allergy is when the immune system responds to a harmless substance called an _______________ allergen What is an Allergy? •Examples of allergens are pollen, dust, molds and animal dander Pollen Grain •The immune system in people with allergies release a chemical called a Histamine ____________________ Histamine • This results in sneezing, a runny or congested nose, watering eyes, and itchy eyes, nose and throat. _____________ Antihistamines block the release of histamine, providing relief of symptoms.