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A. What is Blood?
• Blood is the tissue of
transport in your body
• Humans have ~ 4-6 liters
of blood
Function: What does it Do?
• It carries needed materials (O2)
to the cells and also carries
waste materials away from the
cells
C. What is Blood made of?
• Blood is made up of
two things!
– Plasma
– Blood Cells
• Blood is both liquid
(Plasma) and solid
(blood cells)
PLASMA
1. Plasma –
–90% water
There are 3 kinds
of Blood Cells:
• Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
• White Blood Cells (WBC’s)
• Platelets
Red Blood Cells
• Disk-shaped
• Contain a Red substance
called Hemoglobin (gives
blood it’s color)
• Carries oxygen to all parts
of the body
• Removes carbon dioxide
waste made by the cells
White Blood Cells
• Warrior cells – they
fight disease and
infection
• “Patrol” for invaders
and engulf foreign and
harmful germs in the
body (phagocytosis)
Whenever a germ or
infection enters the
body, the WBC’s race
towards the scene of the
crime
Platelets
• Give off a
chemical that
helps blood to clot
and therefore
stops bleeding
Fibrin
How do I get a Blood Type?
• Genes (inherited factors)
are responsible for the
characteristics of an
organism
• The child gets one gene
from each parent for
blood type.
Blood
Types
• Each human has one
of Four major blood
types:
• A
• B
• AB
• O
• These types are
based on the antigens
present on the
surface of Red Blood
Cells
What are Antigens?
• Antigens are proteins and
include toxins, bacteria,
foreign blood cells, and the
cells of transplanted
organs.
• When a foreign substance
is detected an antibody is
produced to mark and
attack it.
Failure of
homeostasis
________
Failure of
Foreign invaders or
Organisms
known
Failure of
as
pathogens
_______
Virus
1. ______________
Examples:
Cold Failure of
Flu
AIDS
Chick pox
The Flu Virus
bacteria
2. ______________
Examples:
of
StrepFailure
throat
Syphilis
Food poisoning
What is Immunity?
A. The body’s
primary
defense
__________
against
disease
causing
agents
Immune System
B. Our immune
system can tell
the difference
between our
“self”
_________ and
“non-self”
____________
• Pathogens, foreign
substances, or cancer
cells can be identified
by molecules on their
outside surface called
antigens
________________
•Cells communicate
through the use of
receptor molecules
on the outer surface of the
membrane
Receptor
molecules
Antigens stimulate
The production of
White
blood
cells
______________&
Antibodies
________________
White Blood Cell with RBC’s
White Blood Cells
General Attackers
• If an antigen does make its
way into your body, the
find
WBC’s find __________,
__________
attack and
kill that foreign
_______
microbe
Antibodies: Specific
Attackers
•Antibodies are a type
protein
of _______molecule
specific
with a__________
shape
Antibodies
They either
attack
_____________
an
invader (pathogen)
Or
mark
______________
them to
be destroyed
Antibodies
•Antibodies fit onto
antigen
the ___________of
the invader like a
key fits into a lock.
Note in Notes: Lymph
nodes
• Lymph nodes are like
fighting arenas because
battles occur there.
• They are found
throughout the body:
neck, armpits, and groin.
• A swollen gland is a sign
that a battle is raging in
the lymph node.
•A transplanted
organ is foreign
to the body
•The body sees it as an
antigen
and sends
antibodies
to destroy it
There are 2 types of
Immunity:
1. Active Immunity
2. Passive Immunity
There are 2 ways to
acquire Active immunity:
a. You have already
produced antibodies
_____________
from a previous exposure
b. You are given a
_______________
vaccine
How do we make a vaccine?
c. Vaccines
are dead or
weakened
antigens
_________
that are
injected into
the body
How do we make a vaccine?
• First a piece of the virus
is killed or weakened.
• Then some is injected
into the body.
• Your body recognizes
this as foreign and
creates antibodies
against it for the future.
• You do not get sick from
a vaccine.
Vaccines
• The immune system forms
Antibodies
____________
which fight the pathogen
(antigens) and remain
inside the body for
protection against
future attacks
Passive
a. transferred antibodies
from
person to person
• Ex: nursing infants, blood
transfusions
• Provides short-term immunity
HIV – is a
________
virus that
causes AIDS
How HIV works:
• HIV has a
special shape
on its surface
which fits
perfectly into
a shape on the
____________
T-Cell
HIV
is passed from one person
to another through:
• Sex (body fluids)
• Sharing needles
• Using contaminated blood
• Mother’s milk
HIV
• The virus travels through the bloodstream to many
different places in the body
• It attacks the T-Cells which coordinate the immune
response
Sometimes, your Immune
System makes a mistake,
and starts attacking the
wrong thing! Two
examples are:
Allergies
_________________
_________________
Arthritis
What is an Allergy?
An allergy is when
the immune
system responds
to a harmless
substance called
an
_______________
allergen
What is an Allergy?
•Examples of
allergens are
pollen, dust,
molds and
animal dander
Pollen Grain
•The immune system in
people with allergies
release a chemical
called a
Histamine
____________________
Histamine
• This results in sneezing, a
runny or congested nose,
watering eyes, and itchy eyes,
nose and throat.
_____________
Antihistamines
block the
release of
histamine,
providing
relief of
symptoms.