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17.2 “Evolution as Genetic Change in Population” Study Guide Key Question: 1) How does natural selection affect single-gene and polygenic traits? 2) What is genetic drift? 3) What five conditions can disturb genetic equilibrium? Vocabulary and Questions: 1) When natural selection favors one trait over another, the _______________ for the favored trait becomes more ____________________ over time. 2) Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in _________________ frequencies. This leads to changes in _____________________ frequencies. 3) Natural selection can act on polygenic traits in one of three ways: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4) Define directional selection. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5) Define stabilizing selection. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6) Define disruptive selection. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7) Define genetic drift. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8) Define bottleneck. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9) Define founder effect. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10) Define genetic equilibrium. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11) Does sexual reproduction alone affect genetic equilibrium? __________________ 12) Define Hardy-Weinberg principle. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 13) The following five conditions can upset genetic equilibrium. a. Nonrandom mating – If mates are selected for a particular trait, the ______________________ of the trait will increase. i. Define sex selection. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ b. Small population – _______________________ can affect small populations. ________________________ is more likely to take place in a small population. c. Movement into or out of a population – individuals that join a population may add ________________ to the gene pool. Individuals that leave can _________________ the frequency of certain alleles. d. Mutations - _____________________ create new alleles. e. Natural selection – If different genotypes have different _______________, individuals with those genotypes will more likely _________________________. The population will _______________.