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Open Doppler Effect Sound on Slide 3 Big bang….explain as Smallest balloon ever…That is the hotter than you can imagine, denser than you can imagine and this balloon starts to expand with us inside of it along with other stars, and galaxies 4% stars and galaxies 96% dark matter and energy Rather than imagining a balloon popping and releasing its contents, imagine a balloon expanding: an infinitesimally small balloon expanding to the size of our current universe. We don't know where it came from, why it's here, or even where it is. All we really know is that we are inside of it and at one time it didn't exist and neither did we. The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the mind). These zones of infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. Where did it come from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know. HOW SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THE SOLAR SYSTEM FORMED The Big Bang Theory: •The universe began with a big expansion from a bit of very small matter around 10-15 billion years ago •Evidence for this theory is that the universe is still expanding and being formed •Scientists know the universe is still expanding by the Red Shift DOPPLER EFFECT SOUND http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/applets/doppler2.html DOPPLER EFFECT COLOR RED SHIFT The red shift causes lines in the spectra of galaxies to be shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. The red shift indicates that distant galaxies are moving apart rapidly, as the universe expands. A shift towards the blue would mean that galaxies are moving towards us. How Our Solar System Was Formed: 1. A nebula (cloud) of gas, ice, and dust slowly formed in space 2. 99% of this nebula became more dense, rotated faster, heated up and formed our Sun 3. The leftover matter (1%) became the planets and asteroids a. First four inner planets formed were small, rocky and had iron cores....they are known as the terrestrial planets b. Last four outer planets are large and made of gas and are known as the gas giants....Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune THE INNER PLANETS Size Comparison X THE INNER PLANETS MERCURY- closest to the Sun •Has the shortest orbit around the sun therefore the shortest year of all 8 planets •No atmosphere so it is heavy cratered •Is NOT the hottest planet •Has no satellites or moons MERCURY VENUS- second from the Sun •Known as Earth’s twin because size and mass are similar to Earth’s •Extremely dense atmosphere of clouds made of carbon dioxide gas that causes a greenhouse effect. Therefore Venus is the hottest planet •Has retrograde rotation which means it spins backwards •One day on Venus is longer than a year on Venus •Has no satellites or moons Earth 3rd Planet from the Sun MARS- fourth planet from the Sun •Called the red planet because iron oxide in rocks makes Mars a reddish color •Has the largest volcano in the solar system named Olympus Mons (3x height of Mt. Everest) •2 small moons: Phobos and Deimos ASTEROID BELT •Asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter •Asteroids are pieces that were left over from the formation of the Solar system that didn’t turn into a planet because of the gravity from Jupiter •The largest asteroid is Ceres which is 580 miles wide…put all the asteroids in the belt together and you would have something around the size of our moon •It contains about a third of the belt's total mass. •100,000 asteroids inhabit the asteroid belt •One of 3 dwarf planets •Dawn spacecraft is on the way there now…2015…for asteroid hopping •The moons of some planets may be asteroids pulled out of the asteroid belt Play DVD on Planet Sizes THE OUTER PLANETS Called the gas giants because they are made of gases and do not have a solid surface like the 4 inner planets Gases include mostly hydrogen, helium and methane Are the largest of all the planets in the solar system All the gas giants have rings Have numerous moons and very thin atmospheres THE SOLAR SYSTEM TO SIZE JUPITER - fifth planet from the Sun •Largest planet in the solar system Volcanic Eruptions on IO •A stormy ball of mostly hydrogen and helium •The Great Red Spot is similar to a hurricane with winds up to 400 miles/hr that never disappears •Rotates the fastest of all the planets…a day is 10 hours •Has 63 moons…IO the only moon with active volcanoes •Has faint rings A case of planetary measles? Baby Red Spot Red Spot Jr. Great Red Spot SATURN sixth planet from the Sun •second largest in the solar system •Has a density less than one … it would float on water if you could find a big enough tub •Has the largest ring system…each ring is composed of thousands of ringlets of ice and rock particles which maybe leftovers of comets or moons pulled in by the planet’s gravity •Rings are 165,000 miles in diameter and 150 feet thick •Has 56 moons—Titan is the largest, larger than Mercury This image was taken 5.5 Million Miles Away By Voyager 1 URANUS - seventh planet from the Sun •Atmosphere of hydrogen, helium and methane •Methane makes the planet bluish green in color •Rotates on its side … which means it rolls like a ball instead of spinning like a top…probably knocked sideways by the impact of an Earth-size object •Has 27 moons NEPTUNE -the eighth planet from the Sun •Generates more heat than it receives from the Sun •Its Great Dark Spot is thought to be a storm like that on Jupiter •Has 13 moons, of which pinkish Triton is the largest Neptune Triton Clouds in southern hemisphere suggest seasons on Neptune. Neptune takes about 165 years to orbit the Sun. A winter Pluto Demoted there would be roughly four decades. Video Clip WHY WAS PLUTO DEMOTED TO A DWARF PLANET? The definition of a planet had not been updated for 100’s of years so in 2006 these qualifications were voted on and approved by International Astronomical Union Qualifications of a planet: 1. It must be in orbit around the sun or another star 2. It needs to have sufficient mass for gravity to pull it into a nearly round shape 3. It must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit of all other orbital debris. Pluto falls short on the last requirement (#3) because of the Kuiper Belt AMAZING EARTH SCIENCE FACTS big bang •The ____________theory explains the origin of the Universe. The Universe began as a dense sphere that expanded and condensed into galaxies. •2 types of planets - The inner planets which small & dense are _________________ and the outer planets which are ________________________ large and gaseous third planet from the sun •The Earth is the _______ AMAZING EARTH SCIENCE FACTS Comets 1. _____________ are known as dirty snowballs in space and originate in the Oort cloud. 2. Comet’s tail is the result of the Solar Wind and away always points _________ from the Sun. 3. Asteroids are rocky or metallic iron objects with origins between __________________. Mars and Jupiter Red Shifts 4. _____________ indicate the Universe is expanding Big Bang outward. This is used to support the _____________ Theory.