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Chapter 2 The Age of Exploration (1350-1550) Chapter 2 The Age of Exploration Section 1 Europeans Set Sail The European Economy Grows Black Death – plague swept through Europe, killing approx. 30 million Created a shortage of workers Commercial Revolution – great change in European economy; merchants and craftspeople became more aggressive about making profit cities became rich trading centers The European Economy Grows (continued) Capital – money or property used to make more money; merchant families wanted more – higher prices = more profit Medici family opened banks in Florence to make loans to monarchs, nobles and other merchants; bankers gained increasing influence around Europe Joint-stock companies – investors share profits and losses of company; helped merchants raise money (reduced individual risk) The Renaissance Renaissance – rebirth of the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome; began in Italy mid-1300s, spread through Europe through early 1600s Europeans used new wealth to support education and the arts Belief that human beings could achieve anything motivated Europeans to explore the rest of the world Leonardo da Vinci – “renaissance man;” Mona Lisa Johann Gutenberg – movable type for printing presses Made it easier and less expensive to copy books Technological advances led to exploration Magnetic compass; astrolabe – charted position of the stars = ship position Trade with Africa and Asia Great wealth came from trade with Africa (gold, ivory, salt, slaves) and Asia (silk and spices) Long overland routes to Europe (ex. Silk Road) Western European nations wanted to find sea routes to Africa and Asia because land routes were less reliable and had to depend on others (those who controlled land); prices increased because trade goods passed through hands of many different merchants Marco Polo’s book about his travels in Asia were popular Europeans wanted to learn more about the world, spread Christianity and make a profit The Portuguese Explore Africa Portugal = leader in overseas exploration (early 1400s) Prince Henry “the Navigator” built a navigation school on the coast of Portugal (finest mapmakers, sailors, and shipbuilders) developed the caravel – small ship with triangular sails; could sail against the wind; improved the compass Paid for expeditions to explore the west coast of Africa – began the European trade in African slaves; consequence = more warfare among West African Kingdoms Bartolomeu Dias – first to sail around southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) United Streaming Video The Great Age of Exploration Chapter 2 The Age of Exploration Section 2 Voyages to the Americas Columbus’s Bold Idea Believed Asia (Indies) = west across the Atlantic Portuguese would not fund voyage because the king preferred Dias’s route around Africa After the Reconquista (ongoing struggle to drive Moors from Spain), Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to pay for voyage bring back wealth, claim any lands he explored for Spain Would become viceroy (royal governor) of lands explored Crossing the Ocean Left Spain in August, 1492, land spotted October, 1492 (33 days from Canary Islands) Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria Voyage was daring because many people believed that such a long voyage would be impossible Columbus’s First Explorations Landed on island in Bahamas – called it San Salvador (Holy Savior) – believed it to be off the coast of China or Japan Taino – natives on Hispaniola; he called them Indians (believed he had landed in the Indies) Spent more than two months exploring; built small colony on coast of Hispaniola – La Navidad Europe Learns of Columbus’s Voyage Ferdinand and Isabella excited about news of findings, made Columbus admiral and a governor Isabella wanted to convert Taino to Christianity Columbus believed it was acceptable to enslave Taino As a result of Columbus’s discovery, Spain persuaded the pope to create the Line of Demarcation securing its right to lands west of the line – Portuguese king objected Treaty of Tordesillas – signed by Spain and Portugal – moved line giving Portugal more opportunity to claim lands unexplored by other Europeans As a result, Portugal was able to set up the colony of Brazil Columbus’s Later Voyages Returned to La Navidad in 1493 – found it destroyed, everyone killed Spent time exploring even though he was governor Living conditions poor partly due to difficulty growing crops Problems made Ferdinand and Isabella unhappy Columbus never made any further discoveries, etc. Chapter 2 The Age of Exploration Section 3 The Race for Trade Routes Portugal’s Great Discoveries Vasco da Gama established trade route between Portugal and India (found India had long history of trade with Muslim and Italian merchants) – Portugal won race for a new sea route to wealth of Asia Pedro Álvars Cabral accidentally landed in South America; claimed land for Portugal thinking it was a large island Brazil’s eastern shore was on Portugal’s side of the Line of Demarcation Eventually founded forts, trading posts and settlements Cabot and Vespucci Explore John Cabot – Italian sailing for England – found North America (present-day Newfoundland) Became the basis of England’s claim to land in North America Amerigo Vespucci – Italian sailing for Spain – coast of S. America German map-maker published his letters and a map labeled with the name “America” across the new continents in his honor – the name stuck Balboa Reaches the Pacific Vasco Nuñez de Balboa arrived in Panama after failing as a farmer in the Caribbean Heard of another sea – traveled across land until he saw (from a mountaintop) what he named the South Sea No way for ships to cross Panama Attempted to have ships carried across mountains piece by piece Success threatened Spanish authorities – charged with treason and executed Sailing Around the Globe Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese captain sailing for Spain) – believed there was a sea passage through South America to “South Sea” Sailed through narrow strait at the southern tip of S. America – Strait of Magellan Changed name to Pacific Ocean (peaceful) Magellan killed in battle in the Philippines Crew led by Juan Sebastián de Elcano were the first to circumnavigate the world (18 sailors remained) Chapter 2 The Age of Exploration Section 4 The Opening of the Atlantic A Shift in Trade Italy lost monopoly on overland trade as Portuguese and Spanish began using the Atlantic; greater profits made because traders no longer dealing with third-parties (ex. Muslim traders) Portugal controlled as much as 75% of spice trade between Europe and Asia Other European nations got involved in trade All began looking at Atlantic as gateway to the wealth of the Americas Portuguese started the European trade in African slaves The Columbian Exchange Transfer of plants, animals and diseases to the “New World;” plants and animals to the “Old World” – Asia, Europe and Africa Corn, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco and cocoa to Europe, etc. Europeans brought horses (never seen by natives before), cattle and pigs; wheat and barley; rice and bananas Natives had little or no immunity to diseases (measles, smallpox, typhus) – hundreds of thousands died The Search for a Northwest Passage Spain and Portugal busy with Central and South America, other European nations looking for Northwest Passage through N. America to Pacific Verrazano (France) – sailed along coast from present-day North Carolina to Maine Jacques Cartier (France) – two trips to what is now Eastern Canada – sailed up the St. Lawrence River all the way to present-day Montreal The Search for a Northwest Passage (continued) Samuel de Champlain (France) – followed Cartier’s old paths; visited the Great Lakes led by Huron guides; founded small colony on the St. Lawrence River = Quebec; explorations became basis of France’s claim to much of Canada Henry Hudson (England and Netherlands) – first sailed to present-day New York; returned for England – found huge bay (Hudson Bay) Northwest Passage was not found by any of these men, but explorations led to increased interest in N. America Important Info. From Sections 3&4 European race for sea route to Asia was won by Portugal – started the European trade in African slaves Cabral accidentally discovered the coast of what is now Brazil French claims to much of Canada began with Champlain’s explorations Champlain discovered the Great Lakes with the aid of Huron Indian guides The failure of Verrazano, Cartier, Hudson and others to find a Northwest Passage did not dampen European interest in North America Sections 3 and 4 (continued) Balboa first saw the South Sea from a mountaintop in Panama After Balboa discovered the South Sea and made alliances with American Indians in what is now Panama, Spanish authorities had him executed for treason Balboa’s discovery of the South Sea convinced Magellan to sail west to reach Asia The South Sea was renamed the Pacific during the voyage of Magellan Magellan discovered the passage he sought through South America at the southern tip of the continent Sections 3 and 4 (continued) The Strait of Magellan is the narrow sea passage discovered in South America by Magellan Verrazano was an Italian sea captain who sailed under the flag of France Henry Hudson was an English captain who sailed under the flags of England and the Netherlands The North American area explored in the 1500s by Jacques Cartier was what is now eastern Canada