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2/17/2017 Endless Forms Most Beautiful Challenging traditional views Charles Darwin and Origin of Species Evolution 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” Sketch of a flying frog by Wallace 1812 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils. 1795 Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1858 While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace (shown above in 1848) sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. 1790 1809 Charles Darwin is born. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1870 1859 On the Origin of Species is published. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1795 Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism. Marine iguana in the Galápagos Islands 1790 1809 Charles Darwin is born. Figure 22.2b Scala Naturae and Classification of Species 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1812 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils. 1858 While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. 1870 1859 On the Origin of Species is published. Aristotle Carolus Linnaeus 1844 Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. 1 2/17/2017 Ideas About Change over Time Fossils Sedimentary rock layers (strata) Strata Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils Georges Cuvier Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution James Hutton and Charles Lyell Descent with modification by natural selection 2 2/17/2017 Figure 22.5a Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation Great Britain EUROPE NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA Chile PACIFIC OCEAN Equator PACIFIC OCEAN Malay Archipelago Brazil AUSTRALIA Cape of Good Hope Argentina Tasmania Cape Horn New Zealand 1844 essay (a) Cactus-eater (b) Insect-eater (c) Seed-eater The Origin of Species Descent with Modification three broad observations The unity of life The diversity of life The match between organisms and their environment 3 2/17/2017 Figure 22.8 Figure 22.7 Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) †Moeritherium †Barytherium †Deinotherium †Mammut †Platybelodon †Stegodon †Mammuthus Elephas maximus (Asia) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) 60 34 5.5 2104 0 24 Millions of years ago Years ago Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) †Platybelodon Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) †Stegodon †Moeritherium †Mammuthus †Barytherium †Deinotherium Elephas maximus (Asia) Loxodonta africana (Africa) †Mammut Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) 60 60 34 24 Millions of years ago 34 5.5 2104 0 24 5.5 2104 0 Millions of years ago Years ago Years ago Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation Figure 22.9 Cabbage Selection for apical (tip) bud Brussels sprouts Broccoli Selection for axillary (side) buds Selection for flowers and stems Selection for stems Selection for leaves Kale Wild mustard Kohlrabi 4 2/17/2017 Observation #1: Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals Observation #2: All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations Natural Selection: A Summary 1. 2. A flower mantid in Malaysia A flower-eyed mantid in South Africa 3. A leaf mantid in Borneo 5 2/17/2017 Evidence Populations, not individuals Figure 22.13 Direct Observations Results Responding to introduced plants 10 Number of individuals Field Study Antibiotic resistance Soapberry bug with beak inserted in balloon vine fruit Figure 22.14a 2,750,000 1 250,000 base pairs 8 6 4 On native species, balloon vine (southern Florida) Beak 2 0 Average for museum specimens 10 On introduced species, goldenrain tree (central Florida) 8 6 4 2 0 6 7 8 9 Beak length (mm) 10 11 Figure 22.14b Chromosome map of S. aureus clone USA300 500,000 Key to adaptations 2,250,000 2,000,000 Methicillin resistance Ability to colonize hosts Increased disease severity Increased gene exchange (within species) and toxin production 1,750,000 1,500,000 750,000 1,000,000 Annual hospital admissions with MRSA (thousands) 400 2,500,000 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 Year 1,250,000 6 2/17/2017 Figure 22.UN04 New traits? Homology Figure 22.15 Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Comparative embryology Cat Whale Bat Figure 22.16 Pharyngeal arches Post-anal tail Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo 7 2/17/2017 Vestigial structures Evolutionary Trees Convergent Evolution Branch point Lungfishes Analogous Structure Amnion Lizards and snakes 3 4 Homologous characteristic Crocodiles Ostriches Feathers Birds 5 6 Hawks and other birds Figure 22.18 Sugar glider Amniotes Mammals 2 Digit-bearing limbs Tetrapods Amphibians 1 The Fossil Record NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Flying squirrel 8 2/17/2017 Figure 22.19 Fossils can document important transitions Most mammals Cetaceans and even-toed ungulates (a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus (c) Sus (pig) (d) Odocoileus (deer) Figure 22.20 Biogeography Other even-toed ungulates Biogeography Hippopotamuses †Pakicetus Pangaea †Rodhocetus †Dorudon Common ancestor of cetaceans 0 50 40 30 60 Millions of years ago Endemic species Living cetaceans Key Pelvis Femur Tibia Foot What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life? 9