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CHAPTER 6 BONES AND JOINTS SKELETON • Bones • Joints • Connective tissue FUNCTIONS OF BONES Several functions • To serve as a firm framework for the body • To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord • To work as levers to produce movement • To store calcium salts • To produce blood cells BONE STRUCTURE Types of bone (osseous) tissue • Compact bone • Haversion systems (osteons) • Spongy (cancellous) bone • Bone marrow • Red marrow • Yellow marrow • Bone membranes • Periosteum • Endosteum BONE GROWTH Types of bone cells • Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix • Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix • Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue • Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone FORMATION OF LONG BONE • • • • • Cartilage begins to turn into bone Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends Bones continue to lengthen Bones stop lengthening Bone resorption and formation continues BONE MARKINGS Distinguishing features • Projections – usually for muscle or ligament attachment • Head • Process • Condyle • Crest • Spine • Depressions or holes- to allow for articulations and innervation • Foramen • Sinus • Fossa • Meatus • Page 93 gives good descriptions, we will explore more in lab BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON Two main groups of bones • Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk • Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities SKULL • Cranial bones- occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal • Facial bones- zygomatic, mandible, maxilla, sphenoid INFANT SKULL • Infant skull- bones are not fused to allow passage through birth canal, fontanel= soft spot AXIAL SKELETON • Vertebral column • Cervical vertebrae • Thoracic vertebrae • Lumbar vertebrae • Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) • Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx) ATLAS AND AXIS • Thorax • Sternum • Ribs • True ribs • False ribs • Manubrium • Clavicular notch • Sternal angle • Xiphoid process APPENDICULAR SKELETON Two divisions • Upper • Lower PECTORAL GIRDLE • The shoulder • Clavicle (collarbone) • Scapula (shoulder blade) • Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa • Acromion • Glenoid cavity • Coracoid process • The upper extremity • Humerus (arm bone) • Medial and lateral epicondyles • Trochlea RADIUS AND ULNA Ulna and radius (forearm bones) Distal projection (styloid process) Olecranon Trochlear notch (semilunar notch) Radius (forearm bone) FOREARM MOVEMENT ELBOW JOINT HANDS Carpal bones (wrist) Metacarpal bones (palm) Phalanges (finger bones) PELVIC GIRDLE • The pelvic bones (ossa coxae) • Ilium • Iliac crest • Anterior superior iliac spine • Ischium • Ischial spine • Ischial tuberosity • Pubis • Pubic symphysis • Features of pelvis • Acetabulum • Obturator foramen MALE VS FEMALE PELVIS Female pelvis is: - More lighter in weight - More flared ilia - Pubic arch is wider - Pelvic opening is wider - Pubic outlet is larger - Sacrum and coccyx are shorter and less curved LEGS The lower extremity • Femur (thigh) • Greater trochanter • Lesser trochanter • Linea aspera • Patella LEGS • Tibia (shin bone) • Medial malleolus • Fibula (leg bone) • Lateral malleolus • Tarsal bones (ankle) • Calcaneus (heel bone) • Metatarsal bones (instep) • Phalanges (toe bones) FEET • Tarsal bones (ankle) • Calcaneus (heel bone) • Metatarsal bones (instep) • Phalanges (toe bones) THE AGING SKELETON Bones undergo significant changes • Loss of calcium salts • Decrease in protein • Reduction in collagen • Loss of height • Decrease in chest diameter JOINTS Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted • Fibrous • Synarthrosis (immovable) • Bones in our skull • Cartilaginous • Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) • wrist • Synovial • Diarthrosis (freely movable) • elbow SYNOVIAL JOINTS • Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints • Structures that support and protect synovial joints • Ligaments • Joint capsule • Hyaline (articular) cartilage • Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus • Fat • Bursae KNEE TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS Classified by types of movement they allow • Gliding • Hinge • Pivot • Condyloid • Saddle • Ball-and-socket MOVEMENTS • Flexion- bending • Extensionstraightening • Abduction- moving away • Adduction- coming toward • Circumductionmoving in a circle • Rotation- twisting Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle • Supination- palm up • Pronation- palm down • Inversion- palm toward body • Eversion- palm away from body • Dorsiflexion- toe up • Plantar flexion- pointed
