* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Biodiversity Threats
Ecological resilience wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Conservation agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Unified neutral theory of biodiversity wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Conservation psychology wikipedia , lookup
Overexploitation wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Decline in amphibian populations wikipedia , lookup
Habitat destruction wikipedia , lookup
Ecogovernmentality wikipedia , lookup
Assisted colonization wikipedia , lookup
Conservation biology wikipedia , lookup
Restoration ecology wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity wikipedia , lookup
© Sam Ferreira Global Patterns Unsustainable exploitation of biodiversity Rands et al. 2010. Science 329: 1298-1303 End of the line – imagine a world without fish www.endofthelinemovie.com Large mammal declines in parks Craigie et al. 2010. Biological Conservation 123: 45-54 © Sam Ferreira Large Mammal Populations South Africa may do better sometimes 100% 80% 60% 40% Unknown Decrease Stable 20% Increase 0% 54% increasing or stable 4% decreasing Ferreira et al. 2009. SANParks, South Africa The Business of Ecosystem Services • Carbon sequestration • Community-based ecotourism • Resource use – Harvesting – Hunting – Water quality © Rudi van Aarde Increased monetary-based values A conflict of interest for conservationists? • Biodiversity degrades with monetary-based approaches • Conundrum for protected areas • Protect biodiversity • But also generate revenue Mills & Waite 2009. Ecological Economics 68: 2087-2095 © Sam Ferreira © Rudi van Aarde Why is biodiversity important? • It has livelihood links – Monetary – Non-monetary • Threats to biodiversity threatens livelihoods © Adrian Shrader Threats are drivers of Global Environmental Change Reduction or Loss of Species in Protected Areas 22% Habitat Change Fire, prescribed burning, elephant damage, habitat loss and quality, starvation, declining resources 3% Climate Change 6% Invasive species Drought Fish stocking, bush encroachment 3% Pollution 25% Over-Exploitation Hunting, removals for translocation 13% Disease Affects resource availability 10% Predation 13% Unknown 54 % of cases involved more than one driver Gaston et al. 2008. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 39: 93-113 Climate Change as a Driver Ocean acidification • Since 1970 pH dropped by 0.1 Sea-level rise • Cost 5-10% GDP Africa • 75-250 million people water stress by 2020 • Rural agricultural yield drop by 50% by 2020 • 5-8% more arid land by 2080 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC): 4th Report 2007 Biodiversity consequences of Climate Change Plants on the move 7 Upper altitudinal boundary contracted downslope Upper altitudinal boundary expanded upslope Number of species Number of species 6 5 Moving upslope Moving downslope 43% Ave. = 69m 4 3 2 1 0 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Upslope shift (m) Altitudinal shift (m) Le Roux & McGeoch 2008. Global Change Biology 14: 2950-2962 Invasive Species as a Driver Invasive alien plants in Kruger Foxcroft & Richardson 2003. In Plant invasives. Blackhyus Publishers. Aerial extent of Opuntia stricta Foxcroft et al. 2004. Diversity and Distribution 10: 427-437 © Sam Ferreira Biodiversity consequences of Invasive Species Impact of the Argentine ant on native Fynbos ants Invaded Not invaded Richness 21.39 ± 2.31 35.56 ± 2.32* Abundance 67.49 ± 18.87 19.49 ± 18.88* Homogenization 0.008 ± 0.002 0.77 ± 0.002** McGeoch, Unpublished data © Melodie McGeogh Over-exploitation as a Driver What does it mean? Conceptual driver Populations harvested unsustainably Tragedy of the commons - Reproduction cannot compensate for mortalities - Increase of individual resources - e.g. herd of cows - Detriment of common resources - e.g. communal fodder Wilcove et al. 1998. BioScience 48: 607-615 - Resource quality change Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2007 Hardin 1968. Science 162: 1243-1248 Frank et al. 2005. Science 308: 1621–1623 Pollution as a Driver State of South Africa’s River Systems Dissolved inorganic nitrogen NO3- + NO2 18/25 cases, 7** Fertilizer use Time Phosphorous PO43 23/25 cases, 14** Effluent Time deVilliers & Thiart 2007. South African Journal of Science 103: 343-349 © Melodie McGeogh Biodiversity consequences of Pollution Helicopter Spotlight Dead 28 2000 1000 0 May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Dead 170 Number of crocodiles 3000 2008/2009 2009/2010 Ferreira & Pienaar 2010. Aquatic Conservation Submitted © Andrew Deacon Disease as a Driver Emerging infectious disease Transfer between domestic animals and wildlife Daszak et al. 2000. Science 287: 443-449 Human translocation of hosts and parasites Spear & Chown 2008. Journal of Biogeography No human or domestic animal involvement Matthee et al. 2004. Journal of Parasitology 90: 1263-1273 Consequences Direct threat to wildlife Indirect threat via human antagonism impact Wildlife Plants & animals translocation Homogenization Mixing Loss of diversity Increase in EIDs Increased risk of disease and disease transfer Belden & Harris 2007. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 533-539 © Danny Govender Habitat Change as a Driver Management actions fire herbivory soil Tree Grass Dynamics rainfall [CO2] Climate change Bond 2008. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 39: 641-659 Habitat clearing Vehicle numbers Fragmentation Tourism facilities Roads Tourist numbers © Sam Ferreira Dealing with threats Essentially a social problem growth of human populations per capita consumption Rands et al. 2010. Science 329: 1298-1303 Climate change Invasive species Over-exploitation Pollution Disease Habitat change – land expansion – regulatory and restoration – regulatory and restoration – regulatory and restoration – regulatory and scenarios – protection and restoration Diversify approaches • Integrate conservation friendly land-uses • Socio-economic-ecological complexity • Conservationists are negotiators MISSION To manage Golden Gate Highlands National Park in a collaborative learning environment as part of an ecologically functional and sustainable patchwork of different land uses in the region that ensures the persistence of the natural and cultural heritage for the benefit and enjoyment of all. SANParks 2009. Pretoria. Scenario Planning Consequences often unknown Nearly all drivers fall in this category Disease accentuated Medical examples to embrace http://www.physorg.com/news160327953.html © Markus Hofmeyr Make links and manage causal mechanisms Objectives and outcomes Drivers and indicators Mechanisms and modulators - impacts on biodiversity - tall trees - aesthetics - conflict - how they use space - water directly modulates - density may override this Management responses Monitoring needs Objectives Ecosystem Abiotic – soil nutrients Decomposers – millipedes Producers – vegetation Consumers – birds Species of Concern Rare species Endemic species Stakeholders Perceptions Complaints Tourists Satisfaction Revisits Drivers and indicators Mechanisms and modulators Elephants Patch density Fragstats Large trees Size distribution Elephants Home range overlap Season distribution Stakeholders Wildlife conflict Damage to crops Mammals Sightings Diversity Tourist effort Restore space Manipulate resource Exclude resource Rotate resource Exclude impact Induce predation Induce dispersal Mimic predation Mimic dispersal Manipulate births Manipulate deaths Direct modulator Water availability Fence distribution Indirect modulator Abundance Density Humans Landscape use Gaylard & Ferreira 2010. Koedoe. Submitted Our legacy? • Biodiversity begets livelihoods • Livelihoods threaten biodiversity • The Year of Biodiversity - A way of living – matrix of different land-uses Ferreira et al. 2010. Journal of Environmental Management Submitted – biodiversity is global public good – integrate biodiversity • resource production • consumption – wider institutional and societal changes – enable effective implementation Rands et al. 2010. Science 329: 1298-1303 © Sam Ferreira Biodiversity should be an accidental outcome of sustainable livelihoods © Rudi van Aarde