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Julius
Cesar- A member of
the First Triumvirate in Gaul and Britain;
later became the sole ruler and
Dictator of Rome. He was
assassinated by a group of senators
because of his growing power.

- Octavian/
Augustus
Adopted son of Julius Caesar, partnered with
Antony to defeat the Senators who
assassinated Julius Caesar, later he fought
Anthony over the control of Rome. Upon
the defeat of Antony, he became the
Emperor of Rome. His rule marks the
beginning of the Pax Romana.
 Consuls- Two Patricians elected by
the Senate.
Empire- Group of states or territories
controlled by one ruler.
Patricians- Member of the
landholding upper-class in ancient
Rome.
Pax
Romana- A 200 year span of
“Roman peace” – Roman rule brought
peace, order, unity, and prosperity.
 Plebeian- Member of the lower- class
in ancient Rome, including farmers,
merchants, artisans, and traders.
 Provinces- Captured lands under
Roman control.
 Republic- Government without the
rule of a king or queen, and the citizens
elect their leaders or representatives.
 Senate- 300 member council of
patricians, most powerful part of the
government.
 Twelve
Tables- 450 BCE, Roman law
written down on twelve stone tablets.
 Allah,
God of Abraham- Muslim
name for the one and only god.
 Constantine- 288?- 337 CE, Roman
emperor from 324-337 CE: the new
capital of the Roman Empire was named
Constantinople. He was legally
sanctioned Christian worship in the
Roman Empire.
 Justinian- Byzantine emperor who
held the eastern frontier of his empire
against the Persians; codified Roman law
in 529CE; his general Belisarius regained
North Africa and Spain (483-565 CE).
 Muhammad- Arab prophet of Islam.
At the age of 40 he began to preach as
God’s prophet of the true religion.
Muhammad established a theocratic
state at Medina after 622CE and began
to convert Arabia to Islam.
 Dark
Ages- A time period after the
fall of Roman Empire where life was hard,
few people could read or write, and
Christianity was the focus of everyday
life.
 Emperor- The male sovereign or
supreme rule of an empire.
 Icon- A representation of some sacred
personage, as Christ or saint or angel,
painted usually on a wood surface and
venerated itself as sacred.
 Ottoman
Empire- It existed from
1299 to 1923. At its height in the mid1500’s, its territory included the Middle
East, parts of North Africa, and much of
the south-eastern Europe.
 Constraints- limitations
 Diplomacy- The art or science of
conducting negotiations between
government officials
 Edicts- an authoritative proclamation
or command
 Magistrate- A civil officer charged
with the administration of the law
 Institutions- organization,
establishment; society