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AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 extensively. The practices of total war and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of thousands of soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Victory for the North meant the end of the (the Union), which was supported by all the free states (where slavery had been abolished) and by five slave states that became known as the border states. The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph and massproduced weapons were employed The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as “the Confederacy.” Led by Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy fought against the United States Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877. MAJOR EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR 1848 1849 1850 Mexican War Ended 1851 1852 Fugitive Slave Act With new territories added to the Union, it posed a difficult task for the government--would these new states be free or slave? Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 which let states decide whether it would allow slavery. 1853 Uncle Tom’s Cabin released Part of the Compromise of 1850, this act forced any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine. It caused many abolitionists to increase their efforts against slavery, as well as increased Underground Railroad activity. 1854 1855 Bleeding Kansas This book was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, an abolitionist. It helped further the cause of abolition by showing the evils of slavery. Abraham Lincoln recognized this book as one of the events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, which allowed those territories to decide for themselves whether they wanted to be free or slave. Kansas soon became a hotbed of violence as proand anti-slavery forces fought over the state’s future. 1856 1857 Charles Sumner attacked Dred Scott decision Pro-slavery congressman Preston Brooks attacked Charles Sumner on the U.S. Senate floor after he had given a speech attacking the pro-slavery forces for the violence occurring in Kansas. 1858 Dred Scott lost his case proving he should be free because he had been held as a slave while living in a free state. The court ruled that he could not be seen because he holds no property. Even though he was taken by his ‘owner’ into a free state, he was still a slave because they were considered as property of their owners. 1859 1860 John Brown raided Harper’s Ferry Abraham Lincoln elected president John Brown was a radical abolitionist who was involved in anti-slavery violence in Kansas. He led 17 people to raid the arsenal located in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. His goal was to start a slave uprising using the captured weapons. They were eventually killed or captured by Colonel Robert E. Lee. Brown was tried and hung for treason. South Carolina, followed by 6 other states, seceded from the Union with Lincoln’s election. Lincoln agreed with the majority of the Republican Party that the South was becoming too powerful, and made it part of their platform that slavery would not be extended to any new territories or states added to the Union. PEOPLE OF IMPORTANCE Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee served as the 16th president of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, he was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, and a oneterm member of the United States House of Representatives, but failed in two attempts at a seat in the United States Senate. was an American statesmen and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War; serving as the President for its entire history. A West Point graduate, Davis fought in the Mexican-American War as a colonel of a volunteer regiment, and was the United States Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. He served as a U.S. Senator representing the state of Mississippi. As a senator, he argued against secession, but did agree that each state was sovereign and had an unquestionable right to secede from the Union. was the 18th President of the United States as well as military commander during the Civil War and post-war Reconstruction periods. Under command, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and ended the Confederate States of America. After the war, on July 25, 1866, Congress promoted Grant to the newly created rank of General of the Army of the United States, a form of the rank General of the Armies of the United States. was a career United States Army officer and combat engineer. He became the commanding general of the Confederate Army in the American Civil War and a postwar icon of the South’s “lost cause.” Lee's numerous victories against superior forces won him enduring fame as a crafty and daring battlefield tactician, but some of his strategic decisions, such as invading the North in 1862 and 1863, have been criticized by many military historians. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1860 CASUALTIES WASHINGTON TERRITORY NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT MINNESOTA OREGON DAKOTA TERRITORY COMBAT DEATHS UTAH TERRITORY PENNSYLVANIA ILLINOIS INDIANA 5 6 3 KANSAS CALIFORNIA VIRGINIA MISSOURI 7 INDIAN TERRITORY NEW MEXICO TERRITORY TENNESSEE DELAWARE MARYLAND ARKANSAS MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA SOUTH CAROLINA CONFEDERATE STATES TEXAS 175,000 BATTLE SITES LOUISIANA FLORIDA Secessionists argued that the United States Constitution was a compact among states that could be abandoned at any time without consultation and that each state had a right to secede. After intense debates and statewide votes, seven Deep South cotton states passed secession ordinances by February 1861 (before Abraham Lincoln took office as president), while secession efforts failed in the other eight slave states. Delegates from the seven formed the 525,000 700,000 15,000 C.S.A. in February 1861, selecting Jefferson Davis as temporary president until elections could be held in 1862. Talk of reunion and compromise went nowhere, because the Confederates insisted on independence which the Union strongly rejected. 30,000 Two percent of the US population died in the Civil War. Only World War II claimed the lives of more Americans. The proportion of casualties to the total number of soldiers who fought was extremely high by military standards. This was in large part due to the weapons used (small arms fire accounted for more than three-quarters of the deaths) and to the high rate of disease. One out of every ten able-bodied northern males was killed or injured by the war; one out of every four southern males (including blacks) was killed or injured. Blacks counted for twenty percent of the Union death toll. Of the 21,000 Cherokee, most of whom fought for the Confederacy, a third died. 51,112 36,624 30,099 27,399 26,134 25,416 25,251 24,645 23,741 19,455 0 The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and the C.S.A.) was an unrecognized state set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S. The Confederacy's control over its claimed territory shrank steadily during the course of the war, as the Union took control of much of the seacoast and inland waterways. 350,000 (Union and Confederate killed, wounded, missing, captured totals) 1 GETTYSBURG 2 CHICKAMAUGA 3 CHANCELLORSVILLE 4 SPOTSYLVANIA 5 ANTIETAM 6 WILDERNESS 7 BULL RUN 8 STONES RIVER 9 SHILOH 10 FORT DONELSON UNION STATES GEORGIA 634,703 335,524 DEADLIEST BATTLES 9 2 137,000 4 NORTH CAROLINA 8 275,175 *Combat deaths refers to troops killed in action or dead of wounds. Other includes deaths from disease, privation, and accidents, and includes losses among prisoners of war. Wounded excludes those who died of their wounds, who are included under Combat Deaths. Confederate Army statistics are incomplete and estimated due to missing records. KENTUCKY 10 124,000 0 CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY 1 OHIO 249,458 TOTAL RHODE ISLAND IOWA 110,070 74,524 WOUNDED NEW YORK MICHIGAN CONFEDERATE OTHER MAINE MASSACHUSETTS WISCONSIN UNION 45,000 HOW DOES THIS WAR COMPARE TO OTHER AMERICAN WARS? 1 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 10,623 2 WAR OF 1812 6,765 3 MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR 17,435 4 CIVIL WAR 970,227 5 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 4,108 6 WORLD WAR I 320,710 7 WORLD WAR II 1,078,162 8 KOREAN WAR 136,935 9 VIETNAM WAR 211,471 10 WAR ON TERROR 54,800 1,000,000 Between 1861 and 1865, Americans made war on each other and killed each other in great numbers — if only to become the kind of country that could no longer conceive of how that was possible. What began as a bitter dispute over Union and States' Rights, ended as a struggle over the meaning of freedom in America. At Gettysburg in 1863, Abraham Lincoln said perhaps more than he knew. The war was about a "new birth of freedom." 750,000 500,000 250,000 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1945 1940 1935 1930 1925 1920 1915 1910 1905 1900 1895 1890 1885 1880 1875 1870 1865 1860 1855 1850 1845 1840 1835 1830 1825 1820 1815 1810 1805 1800 A COUNTRY DIVIDED 1795 The 34x44 poster can be folded down to 8.5x11 as shown on the grid. 1790 FRONT COVER 1785 BACK COVER WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 1780 Case Study No. 9 Designed by Mary Kay Hickox 1775 DAI 523 Information Design I Instructor: Pino Trogu Design and Industr y Department College of Creative Arts San Francisco State University California, USA – December 2010