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THE CIVIL WAR
The Cost
 66% of all assessed wealth in the South was lost.
 The combined cost of the war for both the Union
and Confederacy was $81 billion.
The Causes
 In the days of the American Revolution and
during the Founding, the differences between
the North and the South were overshadowed by
their common interest in establishing a new
country. However, there were differences and
disagreements.
 During the 19th Century the South was still
mostly agricultural, with an economy and social
structure founded on slavery and the plantation
system.
 The North had good agricultural resources but
were quickly making industrial advances.
Hostilities Grow
 1820:
 March – the Missouri Compromise is negotiated
allowing Maine to be admitted to the Union as a
free state and Missouri as a slave state in 1821. The
compromise establishes the 36 30’ parallel as a
dividing line between free and slave areas of the
territories.
 1828 – Congress raises tariffs with the Tariff of
Abominations. The tariffs are designed to support
American industry (they are successful) benefiting
the northern industrial economy; however, the
tariffs are damaging to the southern agricultural
economy.
Still Growing Hostilities
 1832 – The Tariff Act of 1832 reduces duties.
The South is not happy and threatens
secession. South Carolina’s legislature
organizes an army and declares the tariffs
null and void.
 1833- A Compromise Tariff Act is passed as a
means of gradually reducing the tariffs of
concern in the southern states. Crisis
averted.
Really Growing Now
 1834 – Slavery is abolished throughout the
British Empire.
 1838 – Robert Purvis organizes the
Underground Railroad.
Bellwork
 What caused the Civil War? (list three things)
The Compromise of 1850
 Congress implements several measures
forming the Compromise of 1850.
 The measures included California joining the
Union as a free state,
 the territories of New Mexico and Utah are
organized with no restrictions on slavery,
 slave trading is abolished in the District of
Columbia effective January 1851 and the
 Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 is modified and
strengthened to allow slaveholders to retrieve
slaves in northern states and free territories.
1854-1855
 1854 – The Kansas Nebraska Act passes Congress
and thus overturns the Missouri Compromise
opening the Northern territory to slavery. Both
sides begin sending settlers into the areas in an
effort to influence the future of these areas.
 1855 – As Kansas prepares for elections
thousands of Border Ruffians from Missouri
(slave) enter the territory in an effort to influence
the election. This begins the Bloody Kansas
period with duplicate constitutional conventions,
separate elections and constant violent attacks.
1856-1858
 Mass. Senator Charles Sumner gives a speech
attacking slavery supporters in the Senate.
He singled out Senator Butler of South
Carolina . Two days later, Representative
Preston Butler (Butler’s nephew) attacks
Sumner on the Senate floor and beats him
with a cane.
 1857 – Dred Scott Decision
1858-1859
 Lincoln and Douglas square off in a n Illinois
senatorial race. They debate .
 John Brown attacks Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
Lincoln/Douglas Debate
Bellwork
 Listen to the clip: Lubbock County Texas
 What is:
 Civil Disobedience?
 Lexington and Concord?
 Civil War?
Do you think the sheriff has a valid concern?
 What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I
answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other
days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to
which he is the constant victim. To him, your
celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy
license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your
sound of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your
denunciation of tyrants brass fronted impudence; your
shout of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your
prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanks-givings,
with all your religious parade and solemnity, are to
him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and
hypocrisy -- a thin veil to cover up crimes which would
disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on
the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody
than are the people of the United States, at this very
hour.
 Jefferson Davis, President of the
Confederate States of America
“(Slavery) was established by decree of
Almighty God…it is sanctioned in the Bible, in
both Testaments, from Genesis to Revelation…
it has existed in all ages, as been found among
the people of the highest civilization, and in
nations of the highest proficiency in the arts.”
1860
 November - Abraham Lincoln is elected
president
 Electoral Map
Secession
 There were plenty of those in the free North
who believed that interfering with the slave
laws of the Southern States was
constitutionally unacceptable.
 In areas of the South, (some pretty large
areas) breaking away from the sovereign
United States was treasonous.
 Of course, these were the exceptions rather
than the rules.
Secession
 South Carolina severed its connection to the
United States on Dec. 20, 1860 – Lincoln had
not even been sworn in yet.
 By February, 1861 – Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas (in
that order) left the Union.
Forming the Confederacy
 The states met in Montgomery (except Texas)
to draft a constitution and elect a leader.
 The confederate constitution was very similar
to the US Constitution – with obvious
concessions for slavery.
Should we stop it?
 At this point, Buchanan was a lame duck
president; he had less that five months left in
office before Lincoln would succeed him.
 He did nothing to prevent or discourage the 7
states from succeeding.
 Congress tried to keep the Union together
(the Crittenden Compromise)
South Carolina
 Lincoln’s inaugural address indicated he was
not necessarily in favor of war.
 There was, however, the issue of Federal forts
on southern land.
 Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston,
South Carolina, was cut off from aid by
Confederate control of the harbor.
Lincoln’s Response
 Lincoln did not give control of the fort to the
South, but he did not send in military troops
either.
 Lincoln ordered supplies sent to the fort. By
doing this he gave South Carolina the choice
of allow the aid to pass or starting a war.
 The Civil War began on April 12, 1861.
 After the Confederate forces fired on Fort
Sumter – Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina,
and Tennessee succeeded.
The Border States
 Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri
(all 4 were slave holding states)
 The border states were a serious dilemma for
Lincoln. He thought they were the key to
victory, he could not afford to alienate them
with emancipation policies.
 Why was he so concerned about losing these
states?
Border States
 Delaware rejected an invitation to join the Confederacy and
remained loyal to the Union.
 Marylanders were MUCH more divided in their sympathies
– they were distinctly Southern (socially and by blood).
Large numbers of soldiers came from Maryland.
 Kentucky recognized their role as a border state and
decided to remain neutral. The neutrality didn’t last.
 When Confederate troops moved into western Kentucky
Sept. 1861, and Brig. Gen. U.S. Grant occupied Paducah,
the legislature officially endorsed the Union. The pro-south
governor established a government at Russellville, ratified
the Confederate Constitution, and Kentucky was admitted
to the Confederacy in December.
Missouri
 Missouri attempted neutrality after delegates to
a secession convention in February 1861 refused
to secede, but Federal invasion in May pushed
many Unionists into the Confederate camp.
 As in Kentucky, pro-Union and pro-Confederate
governments were established; the Confederate
government was run in exile by Governor
Claiborne F. Jackson.
 Missouri became a Confederate state November,
1861. Its economy was devastated, its people
terrorized by brutal guerrilla warfare.
UNION AND CONFEDERATE
ADVANTAGES
UNION ADVANTAGES

23 states were in Union vs. 11 Confederate states.

Population was 22 million in North vs. 9 million in the South.

Army had almost 3 million in Union, 1.5 million in the South.

Almost of the manufacturing capacity was in the North.

Most of the railroads were in Northern territory (70%).

The North had a great leader in Lincoln.
UNION AND CONFEDERATE
ADVANTAGES
CONFEDERATE ADVANTAGES
 South could adopt a defensive strategy—a tie would win for them if
the North became tired of fighting.

Europe, particularly Great Britain, tended to support the South for
political and economic reasons.

The South tended to be more emotional and unified about the war.

Several groups in the North did not support the war.

Southerners, particularly the upper class, were better prepared for
soldiering.

The South had superior military leadership.
Blockade
 April 19, 1861 – Proclamation of Blockade
Against Southern Ports.
 Recognizing that the Confederacy would
have to import goods, Lincoln issued a
proclamation authorizing the blockade of
ports in SC, GA, AL, FL, MS, LA, and TX.
First Battle of Bull Run
 The Battle of Bull Run was the first battle of
the Civil War. (July 21, 1861)
 It is also called the Battle of Manassas.
 Notable figures: General Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson (C), General McDowell (U), and
General Beauregard (C).
The results of this battle
changed the conflict from a
rebellion to a civil war.
The Battle of Bull Run was
only 25 mile south-ish of
Washington.
Secondary Shenanigans
 The Trent Affair
Mason
Slidell
Other Happenings
 President Lincoln issues General War Order
Number 1. Instructing Army and Naval
Forces to begin a general advance by
Washington’s birthday. (Jan. 1862)
 Lincoln’s son dies (Feb. 1862)
 Ulysses Grant earns the nickname
“unconditional surrender Grant”. He provides
the Union with two large victories at Fort
Donelson and Henry.
Autocratic or Democratic
Abe?
 Ordered the blockade
 Increased the size of the Federal Army
 Gave 2 million dollars to private citizens for
military purposes
 Suspended habeas corpus
 Arranged “supervised” voting in border states
 Suspended certain newspapers and arrested
their editors for obstructing the war
Finding Yankee Soldiers
 Initially, Northern
armies were manned
with volunteers. Each
state was responsible
for sending an
assigned number of
troops (based on state
population).
 1863 – volunteers
slowed and a
conscription law was
passed for the first
time. (draft)
 The draft was met
with resentment and
riots.
Finding Rebel Soldiers
 The South initially
relied on
volunteers, but
quickly resorted to
conscription.
 Although there
were no riots in
Southern cities,
there was tension
between the rich
and poor – “this was
a rich man’s war but
a poor man’s fight.”
The National Bank
 The War pushed the federal government to
reenter bank regulation.
 The was required vast amounts of money and
credit, and difficulties in financing the war were
draining the nation’s gold supply.
 To help finance the war, Treasury Secretary
Salmon P. Chase recommended the
establishment of a national banking system
 National banks could be chartered by the federal
government and authorized to issue bank notes
secured by US government bonds.
National Bank Act
 Chase’s plan would have ensured a market
for federal debt, since the new national banks
would be required to buy the bonds.
 1863 Congress passed the National Currency
Act.
 1864 Congress passed the National Bank Act.
It established the federal-state “dual banking
system” that has been characteristic of U.S.
commercial banking ever since.