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Bellwork Find a partner and wait for further instructions. THE CIVIL WAR The Cost 66% of all assessed wealth in the South was lost. The combined cost of the war for both the Union and Confederacy was $81 billion. The Causes In the days of the American Revolution and during the Founding, the differences between the North and the South were overshadowed by their common interest in establishing a new country. However, there were differences and disagreements. During the 19th Century the South was still mostly agricultural, with an economy and social structure founded on slavery and the plantation system. The North had good agricultural resources but were quickly making industrial advances. Hostilities Grow 1820: March – the Missouri Compromise is negotiated allowing Maine to be admitted to the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state in 1821. The compromise establishes the 36 30’ parallel as a dividing line between free and slave areas of the territories. 1828 – Congress raises tariffs with the Tariff of Abominations. The tariffs are designed to support American industry (they are successful) benefiting the northern industrial economy; however, the tariffs are damaging to the southern agricultural economy. Still Growing Hostilities 1832 – The Tariff Act of 1832 reduces duties. The South is not happy and threatens secession. South Carolina’s legislature organizes an army and declares the tariffs null and void. 1833- A Compromise Tariff Act is passed as a means of gradually reducing the tariffs of concern in the southern states. Crisis averted. Really Growing Now 1834 – Slavery is abolished throughout the British Empire. 1838 – Robert Purvis organizes the Underground Railroad. Bellwork What caused the Civil War? (list three things) The Compromise of 1850 Congress implements several measures forming the Compromise of 1850. The measures included California joining the Union as a free state, the territories of New Mexico and Utah are organized with no restrictions on slavery, slave trading is abolished in the District of Columbia effective January 1851 and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 is modified and strengthened to allow slaveholders to retrieve slaves in northern states and free territories. 1854-1855 1854 – The Kansas Nebraska Act passes Congress and thus overturns the Missouri Compromise opening the Northern territory to slavery. Both sides begin sending settlers into the areas in an effort to influence the future of these areas. 1855 – As Kansas prepares for elections thousands of Border Ruffians from Missouri (slave) enter the territory in an effort to influence the election. This begins the Bloody Kansas period with duplicate constitutional conventions, separate elections and constant violent attacks. 1856-1858 Mass. Senator Charles Sumner gives a speech attacking slavery supporters in the Senate. He singled out Senator Butler of South Carolina . Two days later, Representative Preston Butler (Butler’s nephew) attacks Sumner on the Senate floor and beats him with a cane. 1857 – Dred Scott Decision 1858-1859 Lincoln and Douglas square off in a n Illinois senatorial race. They debate . John Brown attacks Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Lincoln/Douglas Debate Bellwork Listen to the clip: Lubbock County Texas What is: Civil Disobedience? Lexington and Concord? Civil War? Do you think the sheriff has a valid concern? What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sound of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of tyrants brass fronted impudence; your shout of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanks-givings, with all your religious parade and solemnity, are to him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy -- a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of the United States, at this very hour. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America “(Slavery) was established by decree of Almighty God…it is sanctioned in the Bible, in both Testaments, from Genesis to Revelation… it has existed in all ages, as been found among the people of the highest civilization, and in nations of the highest proficiency in the arts.” 1860 November - Abraham Lincoln is elected president Electoral Map Secession There were plenty of those in the free North who believed that interfering with the slave laws of the Southern States was constitutionally unacceptable. In areas of the South, (some pretty large areas) breaking away from the sovereign United States was treasonous. Of course, these were the exceptions rather than the rules. Secession South Carolina severed its connection to the United States on Dec. 20, 1860 – Lincoln had not even been sworn in yet. By February, 1861 – Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas (in that order) left the Union. Forming the Confederacy The states met in Montgomery (except Texas) to draft a constitution and elect a leader. The confederate constitution was very similar to the US Constitution – with obvious concessions for slavery. Should we stop it? At this point, Buchanan was a lame duck president; he had less that five months left in office before Lincoln would succeed him. He did nothing to prevent or discourage the 7 states from succeeding. Congress tried to keep the Union together (the Crittenden Compromise) South Carolina Lincoln’s inaugural address indicated he was not necessarily in favor of war. There was, however, the issue of Federal forts on southern land. Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, was cut off from aid by Confederate control of the harbor. Lincoln’s Response Lincoln did not give control of the fort to the South, but he did not send in military troops either. Lincoln ordered supplies sent to the fort. By doing this he gave South Carolina the choice of allow the aid to pass or starting a war. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861. After the Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter – Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee succeeded. The Border States Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri (all 4 were slave holding states) The border states were a serious dilemma for Lincoln. He thought they were the key to victory, he could not afford to alienate them with emancipation policies. Why was he so concerned about losing these states? Border States Delaware rejected an invitation to join the Confederacy and remained loyal to the Union. Marylanders were MUCH more divided in their sympathies – they were distinctly Southern (socially and by blood). Large numbers of soldiers came from Maryland. Kentucky recognized their role as a border state and decided to remain neutral. The neutrality didn’t last. When Confederate troops moved into western Kentucky Sept. 1861, and Brig. Gen. U.S. Grant occupied Paducah, the legislature officially endorsed the Union. The pro-south governor established a government at Russellville, ratified the Confederate Constitution, and Kentucky was admitted to the Confederacy in December. Missouri Missouri attempted neutrality after delegates to a secession convention in February 1861 refused to secede, but Federal invasion in May pushed many Unionists into the Confederate camp. As in Kentucky, pro-Union and pro-Confederate governments were established; the Confederate government was run in exile by Governor Claiborne F. Jackson. Missouri became a Confederate state November, 1861. Its economy was devastated, its people terrorized by brutal guerrilla warfare. UNION AND CONFEDERATE ADVANTAGES UNION ADVANTAGES 23 states were in Union vs. 11 Confederate states. Population was 22 million in North vs. 9 million in the South. Army had almost 3 million in Union, 1.5 million in the South. Almost of the manufacturing capacity was in the North. Most of the railroads were in Northern territory (70%). The North had a great leader in Lincoln. UNION AND CONFEDERATE ADVANTAGES CONFEDERATE ADVANTAGES South could adopt a defensive strategy—a tie would win for them if the North became tired of fighting. Europe, particularly Great Britain, tended to support the South for political and economic reasons. The South tended to be more emotional and unified about the war. Several groups in the North did not support the war. Southerners, particularly the upper class, were better prepared for soldiering. The South had superior military leadership. Blockade April 19, 1861 – Proclamation of Blockade Against Southern Ports. Recognizing that the Confederacy would have to import goods, Lincoln issued a proclamation authorizing the blockade of ports in SC, GA, AL, FL, MS, LA, and TX. First Battle of Bull Run The Battle of Bull Run was the first battle of the Civil War. (July 21, 1861) It is also called the Battle of Manassas. Notable figures: General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (C), General McDowell (U), and General Beauregard (C). The results of this battle changed the conflict from a rebellion to a civil war. The Battle of Bull Run was only 25 mile south-ish of Washington. Secondary Shenanigans The Trent Affair Mason Slidell Other Happenings President Lincoln issues General War Order Number 1. Instructing Army and Naval Forces to begin a general advance by Washington’s birthday. (Jan. 1862) Lincoln’s son dies (Feb. 1862) Ulysses Grant earns the nickname “unconditional surrender Grant”. He provides the Union with two large victories at Fort Donelson and Henry. Autocratic or Democratic Abe? Ordered the blockade Increased the size of the Federal Army Gave 2 million dollars to private citizens for military purposes Suspended habeas corpus Arranged “supervised” voting in border states Suspended certain newspapers and arrested their editors for obstructing the war Finding Yankee Soldiers Initially, Northern armies were manned with volunteers. Each state was responsible for sending an assigned number of troops (based on state population). 1863 – volunteers slowed and a conscription law was passed for the first time. (draft) The draft was met with resentment and riots. Finding Rebel Soldiers The South initially relied on volunteers, but quickly resorted to conscription. Although there were no riots in Southern cities, there was tension between the rich and poor – “this was a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.” The National Bank The War pushed the federal government to reenter bank regulation. The was required vast amounts of money and credit, and difficulties in financing the war were draining the nation’s gold supply. To help finance the war, Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase recommended the establishment of a national banking system National banks could be chartered by the federal government and authorized to issue bank notes secured by US government bonds. National Bank Act Chase’s plan would have ensured a market for federal debt, since the new national banks would be required to buy the bonds. 1863 Congress passed the National Currency Act. 1864 Congress passed the National Bank Act. It established the federal-state “dual banking system” that has been characteristic of U.S. commercial banking ever since.