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Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Skills Worksheet Active Reading Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow. Life exists on Earth because of several important factors. Most life requires liquid water, moderate temperatures, and a source of energy. The materials that organisms require must continually be cycled. Gravity allows a planet to maintain an atmosphere and to cycle materials. Suitable combinations of the things that organisms need to survive are found only in the biosphere. The biosphere is located near the Earth’s surface because most of the sunlight is available near the surface. Plants on land and in the oceans need sunlight to produce their food, and almost every other organism gets its food from plants and algae. Most of these algae float at the surface of the ocean. These tiny, free-floating, marine algae are known as phytoplankton. Except for bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents, most of the organisms that live deep in the ocean feed on dead plants and animals that drift down from the surface. IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS One reading skill is the ability to identify the main idea of a passage. The main idea is the main focus or key idea. Frequently, a main idea is accompanied by supporting information that offers detailed facts about main ideas. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers the question. _____ 1. Life requires a. moderate temperatures, electromagnetic radiation, and hydrothermal vents. b. precipitation, sodium chloride, and phytoplankton. c. liquid water, temperatures between 10°C and 40°C, and a source of energy. d. gravity, algae, and bacteria. _____ 2. Where on Earth are conditions suitable to most life located? a. in the mesosphere c. hydrothermal vents b. in the biosphere d. both (a) and (c) _____ 3. Phytoplankton are a. bacteria. b. tiny marine algae. c. plants on land. d. dead plants and animals. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Environmental Science 1 The Dynamic Earth Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Active Reading continued In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. _____ 4. Materials that organisms require need _____ 5. Plants need _____ 6. The biosphere needs a. b. c. d. e. sunlight. plants and algae. to be near Earth’s surface. to be continually cycled. dead plants and animals. _____ 7. Organisms (other than plants) need _____ 8. Most organisms that live deep in the ocean need VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Read each question and write the answer in the space provided. 9. Define biosphere. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ SEQUENCING INFORMATION One reading skill is the ability to sequence information, or to logically place item sor events in the order in which they occur. What is needed before the next thing can happen? Read each question and write the answer in the space provided. 10. Before life can exist, it requires a source of energy, moderate temperatures, and______________________. 11. Before a planet can maintain an atmosphere and cycle materials, it must have.______________________ 12. Before a plant can produce food, it requires______________________. 13. Before most organisms (other than plants) can survive, they need to have plants and______________________to eat. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Environmental Science 2 The Dynamic Earth Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Skills Worksheet Critical Thinking ANALOGIES In the space provided, write the letter of the pair of terms or phrases that best completes the analogy shown. An analogy is a relationship between two pairs of words or phrases written as a : b :: c : d. The symbol : is read “is to,” and the symbol :: is read “as.” _____ 1. stratosphere : troposphere :: a. biosphere : water b. mantle : core c. water cycle : lithosphere d. ocean : phytoplankton _____ 5. plants : sunlight :: a. water : evaporation b. organisms : water c. air : nitrogen d. erosion : rock _____ 6. river : gorge :: a. erosion : gas b. wind : tall rock formation c. water : wind d. sediments : rocks _____ 2. seismic waves : earthquake :: a. temperature : gas b. weather : air c. greenhouse effect :atmosphere d. electromagnetic radiation : sun _____ 7. convection current : weather :: a. Richter scale : magnitude b. eruption : climate c. plate collision : mountain d. thermosphere :temperature _____ 3. tectonic plates : asthenosphere :: a. core : crust b. atmosphere : gases c. volcano : eruption d. ice sheets : pond _____ 8. aquifer : groundwater :: a. life : oxygen b. ocean : radiation c. atmosphere : water vapor d. biosphere : land _____ 4. winds : atmosphere :: a. currents : hydrosphere b. salinity : ocean c. earthquakes : ionosphere d. ocean : climate © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Environmental Science 3 The Dynamic Earth Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Critical Thinking continued INTERPRETING OBSERVATIONS Read the following paragraphs, and answer the questions below. Alfred Wegener, a German who was educated as a meteorologist and geologist, was one of the first scientists to theorize about tectonic plates. Wegener suggested that past continents had drifted apart over time to form the present continents. This rearrangement of continents is known as continental drift. Wegener published his first complete statement on continental drift in 1912. He supported his research by attempting to piece together the edges of the continents in order to reconstruct a formed supercontinent. Wegener believed that large blocks of the crust (tectonic plates) could, over very long periods of time, flow slowly over the mantle. Wegener’s theories remained the subject of criticism until the 1960s, when geological evidence confirmed that the ocean floors had been spreading and that large crustal blocks were, in fact, moving. Plate tectonic theory has become the cornerstone of modern geology. A crater on the moon was named in honor of Alfred Wegener, “the father of plate tectonics.” 9. What title would you give this essay? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 10. Suppose Wegener had more concrete evidence to support his theories when his papers were first published. Do you think his peers would have accepted his theories more readily? Why or why not? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 11. Describe one aspect of the map of the world that hints Wegener’s theory might be correct. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Environmental Science 4 The Dynamic Earth Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Critical Thinking continued AGREE OR DISAGREE Agree or disagree with the following statements, and support your answer. 12. Because scientists are unable to predict when and precisely where an earthquake will occur, the government has a duty to issue building codes to ensure that all structures can withstand earthquakes. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 13. Individuals, as well as industry—and automobile manufacturers in particular have an obligation to work to reduce carbon dioxide emissions that may increase the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 14. We need to recycle our waste because Earth is a closed system with respect to matter, and new matter does not enter the environment. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Environmental Science 5 The Dynamic Earth