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Exam1TopicstoReview(McMurryChpts1-3) Chpt1.MatterandMeasurements 1. Convertbetweenscientificnotationandstandardnotation. 2. Temperatureunitconversions(MemorizeK<-->°Cconversion.) 3. SignificantFigures a. Reportmeasurementstocorrectnumberofsigfigsandwithunits. b. Identify/countsignificantfiguresinmeasurements. c. Reportresultsofcalculationstocorrectnumberofsignificantfigures d. Knowrulesforroundingoff. 4. Dounitconversionsthroughdimensionalanalysis. 5. Understandandsolvedensityproblems,usingD=m/V. 6. Understandthethreephysicalstates:solid,liquid,gas. 7. Distinguishbetweenphysicalandchemicalproperties,andphysicalandchemical changes. 8. Identifygivenmatteraselement,compound,ormixture(homogeneousor heterogeneous),givendescriptionsorparticle-viewpictures. 9. Interpretchemicalformula:thenumberofatomsofeachelement. SomeSampleProblems 1. Expresseachnumberinscientificnotation: a)0.5012 b)5,012,000 2. Rewriteeachnumberasan“ordinary”decimalnumber: a)2.789x103 b)2.789x10-3 3. Performthefollowingunitconversions: a)1.75milestokilometers b)761.2mmtocentimeters 4. Calculatethedensity,given:mass=122.4g;volume=5.5cm3 5. Physicalorchemicalproperty?:Theelementbromineisadense,dark-red,pungentsmellingliquid. 6. Physicalorchemicalchange?:Arubberbandstretcheswhenyoupullonit. 7. Mixtureorpuresubstance?:a)milk b)hydrogenperoxide 8. Homogeneousorheterogeneousmixture?:a)salsa b)gasoline 9. IsH2anelementoracompound?Anatom?Amolecule? 10. Whatisthevolumeofliquidinthisgraduatedcylinder? 50 mL 40 mL Chpt2.AtomsandthePeriodicTable 1. UnderstandbasicprinciplesofDalton’sAtomicTheory. 2. Understandthenuclearatommodel: a. Protons,neutrons,electrons:theirlocations,charges,relativemassandsize 3. Writeandinterpretisotopesymbolsforatoms. a. Knowatomicnumber,massnumber. b. Findnumberofprotons,neutrons,andelectronsfromisotopesymbol. 4. Isotopes:Calculateatomicmassofanelementbasedonisotopicabundance a. Understandatomicmassunit. Kim-Chem30ASP17 b. Knowdefinitionofisotope. c. Calculateatomicweightofanelement,given%abundanceandmassesofits isotopes. 5. PeriodicTableofElements a. Knowlocationsof:Periods,groups,maingroupvs.transitionelements,metals vs.nonmetalsvs.metalloids,alkalimetals,alkalineearthmetals,halogens,noble gases 6. Quantummechanicalmodelofatoms: a. Knowwhydiscretelinespectra(ratherthancontinuousspectra)areseenfor atoms. b. Knowwhatanorbitis:probabilitymapthatshowstheprobabilityoffindingan electroninacertainspace. c. Understanddefinitionsofshells,subshells,orbitals,andelectrons,andhowthey areorganized. d. Understandthatbiggertheshellnumberàhighertheenergyandbiggerthe sizeofshell. e. Befamiliarwithgeneralshapesofs,p,anddorbitals. f. Knowthenumberoforbitalsineachtypeofsubshell(s,p,d,fsubshells),and thatamaximumoftwoelectronscanbeineachorbital. 7. Electronconfigurationsandorbitaldiagrams: g. Knowhowtowritebothfullandcondensedelectronconfigurationsforatoms andionsofmaingroupelementsandsometransitionmetalelements,usingthe periodictableasaguide. h. Knowhowtodraworbitaldiagrams. i. Usingorbitaldiagrams,determinehowmanyunpairedelectronsarepresentfor agivenelement. j. Statethenumberofvalenceelectrons(electronsinvolvedinbonding,electrons inhighestshellnumberformaingroupelements).Formaingroupelements, groupnumber=#ofvalenceelectrons. k. Drawelectrondotsymbol(Lewissymbol)foratomsandions. SomeSampleProblems 1. Writethecompleteisotopesymbolfortheisotopewithatomicnumberof8,and9 neutrons. 2. Labeleachelementbelowastransitionmetal,maingroupmetal,halogen,noblegas, nonmetal(morethanonedescriptionmayapplyforeachelement): a)K b)Mg c)Mo d)P e)S f)I g)Ar 3. Basicatomicstructure:a)Whatarethechargesofelectron,neutron,andproton?b) Whichoftheabovesubatomicparticlesdeterminesthesizeoftheatom?c)Whichof theabovesubatomicparticlesdeterminethemassoftheatom? 4. Whydoatomsemitdiscretewavelengthsoflightevenwhentheentirevisiblespectrum oflightisshinedonthem? 5. Accordingtothequantummechanicalmode,whatisanorbital?Whatdoesthemodel sayabouthowtheelectronsmove? 6. a)Howdothe2s,2p,and2dorbitalsdiffer?b)Howdo2sand3sorbitalsdiffer?c)How manyorbitalsareindsubshell? 7. WritethecompleteelectronconfigurationanddraworbitaldiagramforNi. 8. a)Forthemaingroupelements,whatdoesthegroupnumberontheperiodictable indicate?b)Theperiodnumber? Kim-Chem30ASP17 9. Drawelectrondot(Lewis)symbolforSe. Chpt3.IonicCompounds 1. Understandionicbondandformulaunit. 2. Understandions:cations,anions. 3. Writeandinterpretionsymbols(numberofprotons,electrons). 4. Knowtrendsinionizationenergyandelectronaffinityandwhattheyare,howthey affectatom’stendencytoloseorgainelectrons.(Electronegativity:increasesgoing acrossperiodàhardertopulloffelectron,decreasesgoingdowngroupàeasierto pulloffelectrons.Electronaffinity:increasesgoingacrossperiodàeasiertoadd electron.) 5. Knowthatmetalstendtoloseelectronsandnonmetalstendtogainelectrons. 6. Metalelement+nonmetalelementàioniccompounds 7. Understandoctetrule(duetruleforhydrogen). 8. Knowhowmanyelectronsanatommustlose/gaintoformanionwithnoblegas(octet) configuration. 9. Naming<-->WritingFormulasofCompounds a. Knowrulesfornamingandwritingformulasforioniccompounds. b. Memorizethefollowing!:Commonfixedchargesofionsofdifferentelements basedonthegroupnumber,commonpolyatomicions,andcommonacids (Seenomenclaturehandout).Recognizevariable-chargeions(mostly transitionmetals). c. Knowacompoundmusthaveanoverallchargeof0. 10. Recognizeacids(hasH)andbases(hasOH)fromchemicalformulas. SomeSampleProblems 10. WhatisthenumberofelectronsinBa2+? 11. Labeleachelementbelowascommonlyformingionsofcharge+1,+2,+3,-3,-2,-1,or0. a)K b)Mg c)N d)O e)S f)I g)Ar 12. Writethenameofthefollowingcompounds:a)CuCl2 b)Ca(NO3)2 13. Writetheformulasforthefollowingcompounds: a)sodiumnitride b)potassiumsulfatec)ironbromide Kim-Chem30ASP17