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Objective or GLE: 6.1.A.a: Classify celestial bodies in the solar system into categories: Sun, moon, planets, and other small bodies (i.e., asteroids, comets, meteors), based on physical properties. Question: Classify celestial bodies in the solar system into categories based on size (physical properties): show which celestial object is largest to smallest. Notes: [From LARGEST] —1. Sun, 2. Planets, 3. Moons, 4. Other small bodies: { asteroids, comets, meteors}— [to SMALLEST] Question: Answer the following questions which help to classify celestial bodies based on what materials they are made of (physical properties/characteristics: shape, color, materials, parts). What are the physical properties/characteristics do the Sun, Planets, Moons, Asteroids, Comets an Meteors have? Notes: Celestial Object Sun Planet Moon Asteroid Comet Shape Size/Age Color Material Circular Medium sized star. Not particularly young or old. Reds and Oranges The Sun is made up of gas. It is composed of about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium Parts Purpose/ Important Facts It is the source of heat which sustains life on Earth, and controls our climate and weather. It is the closest star to Earth. Our sun is 93,026,724 miles (149,680,000 km or 1 Astronomical Unit) from the Earth. Circular Circular Irregularly shaped bodies. Small Mixture of non-volatile grains and frozen gases. Comets are generally believed to be made of material, Coma and Tail They usually follow highly elongated paths around the Sun. Most become visible, even in telescopes, only when they get near enough to the Sun for the Sun's radiation to start subliming the 1 originally in the outer part of the solar system, that didn't get incorporated into the planets volatile gases, which in turn blow away small bits of the solid material. These materials expand into an enormous escaping atmosphere called the coma, which becomes far bigger than a planet, and they are forced back into long tails of dust and gas by radiation and charged particles flowing from the Sun. Meteor 2 Strand 6: Composition and Structure of the Universe and the Motion of the Objects Within It! GLE: 6.1.A.a: Classify celestial bodies in the solar system into categories based on their physical properties: i. Sun ii. Moon iii. Planets iv. Other small bodies: a. Asteroids b. Comets c. Meteors I. When classified on the physical property of size, the Sun is the largest and meteors are the smallest. Largest Smallest Sun Celestial Object Sun Planets Moon Asteroids Cometsn Meteors Shape Size/Age Color Material Circular Medium sized star. Not particularly young or old. Reds and Oranges The Sun is made up of gas. It is composed of about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium Parts Purpose/ Important Facts It is the source of heat which sustains life on Earth, and controls our climate and weather. It is the closest star to Earth. Our sun is 93,026,724 miles (149,680,000 km or 1 Astronomical Unit) from the Earth. Circular Planet Moon Asteroid Circular 3 Comet Irregularly shaped bodies. Small Mixture of non- Coma volatile grains and and frozen Tail gases. Comets are generally believed to be made of material, originally in the outer part of the solar system, that didn't get incorporated into the planets They usually follow highly elongated paths around the Sun. Most become visible, even in telescopes, only when they get near enough to the Sun for the Sun's radiation to start subliming the volatile gases, which in turn blow away small bits of the solid material. These materials expand into an enormous escaping atmosphere called the coma, which becomes far bigger than a planet, and they are forced back into long tails of dust and gas by radiation and charged particles flowing from the Sun. Meteor 4 =============================================================== 5 SUN = STARS There are many types of stars/suns ranging from the very small and dense, to the very large and hot. All have different properties as well and are categorized into four main groups: 1. Dwarf stars are classified in four groups: red, yellow, white and brown i. ii. iii. dwarfs. Red dwarfs are small, somewhat cool stars; yellow dwarfs are relatively small and not very hot, like our sun. These stars are very common throughout our universe. White dwarfs are small, very hot and very dense stars; their sizes are close to that of Earth. White dwarfs are mainly composed of carbon and are the remnants of a Red Giant that has lost its outer layers during the final stages of its life. Brown dwarfs are stars that do not have enough mass to continue nuclear fusion within the core. 2. Giants-There are three main categories of giants: red, blue and super-giants. i. Red giant is a star that has expanded from its original size in the last stages of its life. They become cooler and are usually orange in color. ii. Blue giants are also very large and very massive, but unlike red giants, they are very hot as well. iii. Super-giants are extremely large stars, sometimes the size of our solar system. These stars are rare in the universe and they die in the form of a cataclysmic explosion called a supernova and result in the formation of a black hole. 3. Binary stars 4. Neutron stars. There are many types of stars/suns ranging from the very small and dense, to the very large and hot. All have different properties as well and are categorized into four main groups: dwarfs, giants, binary stars and neutron stars. Dwarf stars are classified in four groups: red, yellow, white and brown dwarfs. Red dwarfs are small, somewhat cool stars; yellow dwarfs are relatively small and not very hot, like our sun. These stars are very common throughout our universe. White dwarfs are small, very hot and very dense stars; their sizes are close to that of Earth. White dwarfs are mainly composed of carbon and are the remnants of a Red Giant that has lost its outer layers during the final stages of its life. Brown dwarfs are stars that do not have enough mass to continue nuclear fusion within the core. There are three main categories of giants: red, blue and super-giants. A red giant is a star that has expanded from its original size in the last stages of its life. They become cooler and are usually orange in color. Blue giants are also very large and very massive, but unlike red giants, they are very hot as well. Super-giants are extremely large stars, sometimes the size of our solar system. These stars are rare in the universe and they die in the form of a cataclysmic explosion called a supernova and result in the formation of a black hole ========================================================================= 6 Comets are basically packs of ice, made of water and gas, and dust orbiting stars at high speeds. The comets in our solar system, such as Comet Halley, usually have very long orbits and spend most of this time away from the sun. During these periods, comets appear to be just simple heaps of rock, dust and ice traveling through the cosmos. But when a comet is traveling towards and near the sun, it has several clear parts: the nucleus, coma, hydrogen cloud, dust tail and ion tail. The nucleus is a mostly solid, stable core composed of ice, gas, dust and some other solids. The coma is the part of the comet in which the water, carbon dioxide and other gases have sublimed, or turned from a solid phase directly to a gaseous phase. The Hydrogen cloud is a giant envelope of hydrogen gas surrounding the comet. The dust tail is the very prominent feature of the comet that can be seen with the unaided eye. This tail can often be millions of kilometers long and is made up of small sized dust particles driven off the nucleus by the escaping gas. The ion tail is even longer than the dust tail, often as much as 100 million kilometers in length. This tail is made of plasma and other effects created by the comet's interaction with the solar wind. =============================================================== Asteroids are small, rocky celestial bodies. The most familiar group of asteroids to many is the Asteroid Belt, located between Mars and Jupiter. Most of these extraterrestrial rocks are small in size. However, extremely large ones have been noted, such as the asteroid Ceres, which is approximately 930 kilometers in diameter. There are two other main groups of asteroids in our solar system. One of these groups is called the Near Earth Asteroids. These rocks, while orbiting the sun, often are in close proximity to the Earth and there have been some fears that possible collisions may occur, but so far nothing on any great scale has taken place in the past decade or so. The reason why most asteroids look so unique is due to the number of collisions they have suffered. There are three types of objects which sometimes resemble asteroids. These are the meteor, meteorite, and meteoroid, each describing the phase of the objects life: moving in space, through the atmosphere, and having struck a surface, respectfully. ======================================================= 7 Meteor a small solid body known as a meteoroid that enters a planet's atmosphere from outer space and is raised to incandescence by the friction resulting from its rapid motion. Brilliant meteors, known as fireballs, occur singly and generally consist of a luminous head, followed by a comet like train of light that may persist for several minutes; some, called bolides, have been seen to explode with a sound like thunder. Fainter meteors, called shooting or falling stars, usually occur singly and sporadically. At intervals, however, hundreds of such meteors occur simultaneously and appear to emanate from a fixed point. These swarms are called meteor showers and are named after the constellation in which they seem to have their point of origin. Most meteors are dissipated ( they are burned up) in flight and fall to the earth as dust; a meteor that reaches the surface of the earth or another planet is called a meteorite. ======================================================================= Planets-are round bodies in space that orbit stars. To be a planet, a body must be big enough to settle into a rounded shape from the inward pull of its own gravitation. A planet shines by reflecting light and not by releasing nuclear energy the way a star does. Our solar system has eight major planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune— and a number of small, dwarf planets, including Pluto, Eris, and Ceres. A planet-like body that revolves around a larger planet is called a satellite or moon rather than a planet. Planets are distinct from asteroids and comets, smaller bodies that also orbit stars. Eath’s Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth: It is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. Due to its size and composition, the Moon is sometimes classified as a terrestrial "planet" along with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause some interesting effects. The most obvious is the tides. The Moon's gravitational attraction is stronger on the side of the Earth nearest to the Moon and weaker on the opposite side. (Note: there is no "dark side" of the Moon; all parts of the Moon get sunlight half the time (except for a few deep craters near the poles). The Moon has no atmosphere. But evidence from Clementine suggested that there may be water ice in some deep craters near the Moon's south pole which are permanently shaded. The Moon shows progressively different phases as it moves along its orbit around Earth. Half the Moon is always in sunlight, just as half of Earth has day while the other half has night. Thus, there is no permanent “dark side of the Moon,” which is sometimes confused with the Moon’s far side—the side that always faces away from Earth. The phases of the Moon depend on how much of the sunlit half can be seen at any one time The Moon is in the sky about 12 hours a day. At new moon it is in the sky during daylight hours, rising just after dawn. At full moon it is visible throughout the night, rising at sunset. The phases of the Moon occur because of the Moons position in the sky relative to Earth and the Sun. 8